Blockchain in Education: A Systematic Review and Practical Case Studies
The advent of blockchain technology over the last decade has led to the development of multiple use-cases of decentralization in various fields including education. This paper presents a unique bibliometric and qualitative analysis of the blockchain in education with novel contributions on temporal...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | IEEE access 2022, Vol.10, p.99525-99540 |
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| creator | Ocheja, Patrick Agbo, Friday Joseph Oyelere, Solomon Sunday Flanagan, Brendan Ogata, Hiroaki |
| description | The advent of blockchain technology over the last decade has led to the development of multiple use-cases of decentralization in various fields including education. This paper presents a unique bibliometric and qualitative analysis of the blockchain in education with novel contributions on temporal development, emerging themes and practical case studies on adoption and integration with existing educational technologies. We focus on identifying the major actors in the space, demographic participation and adoption, current hot topics, grey areas, and potential areas for innovation. Our analysis shows that while the blockchain has been around for about 13 years, blockchain in education only became prominent 5 years ago. This research also reveals that most of the efforts have been focused on reporting and verifying academic certificates and transcripts: only very few research focused on reporting and connecting in-depth academic records such as learning behaviour logs, learning contents and assessment data. This calls for concern as current education blockchain systems do not consider interoperability at the blockchain level and the heterogeneous nature in which institutes create and consume academic data. Finally, we present discussions on the implications of our findings, potential solutions and aspects of education blockchain research that can help to improve educational outcomes for various stakeholders. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3206791 |
| format | Article |
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This paper presents a unique bibliometric and qualitative analysis of the blockchain in education with novel contributions on temporal development, emerging themes and practical case studies on adoption and integration with existing educational technologies. We focus on identifying the major actors in the space, demographic participation and adoption, current hot topics, grey areas, and potential areas for innovation. Our analysis shows that while the blockchain has been around for about 13 years, blockchain in education only became prominent 5 years ago. This research also reveals that most of the efforts have been focused on reporting and verifying academic certificates and transcripts: only very few research focused on reporting and connecting in-depth academic records such as learning behaviour logs, learning contents and assessment data. This calls for concern as current education blockchain systems do not consider interoperability at the blockchain level and the heterogeneous nature in which institutes create and consume academic data. Finally, we present discussions on the implications of our findings, potential solutions and aspects of education blockchain research that can help to improve educational outcomes for various stakeholders.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-3536</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-3536</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3206791</identifier><identifier>CODEN: IAECCG</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Piscataway: IEEE</publisher><subject>Academic records ; analysis ; application programming interface (API) ; artificial intelligence (AI) ; bibliometric ; Bibliometrics ; Blockchain ; blockchain of learning logs (BOLL) ; Blockchains ; Case studies ; Cryptography ; Distribuerade datorsystem ; Education ; Educational technology ; Electronic learning ; experience API (xAPI) ; information and communication technology (ICT) ; latent dirichlet allocation (LDA) ; Learning ; Learning (artificial intelligence) ; learning management system (LMS) ; learning record store (LRS) ; learning tools interoperability (LTI) ; Pervasive Mobile Computing ; Qualitative analysis ; quick response (QR) ; sharable content object reference model (SCORM) ; smart ecosystem for learning and inclusion (SELI) ; Systematics</subject><ispartof>IEEE access, 2022, Vol.10, p.99525-99540</ispartof><rights>Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 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This calls for concern as current education blockchain systems do not consider interoperability at the blockchain level and the heterogeneous nature in which institutes create and consume academic data. Finally, we present discussions on the implications of our findings, potential solutions and aspects of education blockchain research that can help to improve educational outcomes for various stakeholders.</description><subject>Academic records</subject><subject>analysis</subject><subject>application programming interface (API)</subject><subject>artificial intelligence (AI)</subject><subject>bibliometric</subject><subject>Bibliometrics</subject><subject>Blockchain</subject><subject>blockchain of learning logs (BOLL)</subject><subject>Blockchains</subject><subject>Case studies</subject><subject>Cryptography</subject><subject>Distribuerade datorsystem</subject><subject>Education</subject><subject>Educational technology</subject><subject>Electronic learning</subject><subject>experience API (xAPI)</subject><subject>information and communication technology (ICT)</subject><subject>latent dirichlet allocation (LDA)</subject><subject>Learning</subject><subject>Learning (artificial intelligence)</subject><subject>learning management system (LMS)</subject><subject>learning record store (LRS)</subject><subject>learning tools interoperability (LTI)</subject><subject>Pervasive Mobile Computing</subject><subject>Qualitative analysis</subject><subject>quick response (QR)</subject><subject>sharable content object reference model (SCORM)</subject><subject>smart ecosystem for learning and inclusion (SELI)</subject><subject>Systematics</subject><issn>2169-3536</issn><issn>2169-3536</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ESBDL</sourceid><sourceid>RIE</sourceid><sourceid>D8T</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkVFLwzAUhYsoONRf4EvBVzdzk6ZJfJt1zoGgOPU1pOmtdnbrTFrH_r3RDtEQyM3hnI-EE0WnQEYARF2Ms2wyn48ooXTEKEmFgr1oQCFVQ8ZZuv9nPoxOvF-QsGSQuBhE06u6se_2zVSrOOxJ0VnTVs3qMh7H861vcRmuNn7Ezwo3sVkV8YMzNkimjjPjMZ63XVGhP44OSlN7PNmdR9HzzeQpux3e3U9n2fhuaDlAOyxFkcuSGG64Ao6c08TmIJGDVIkyIsWcokCSqBxEUhaFyblNKeU5ICqh2FE067lFYxZ67aqlcVvdmEr_CI171caF59WoaWmJZBI4EJEwWUgsSWI4ERIUx8QG1nnP8htcd_k_2nX1Mv6h1W2nFSOpDPaz3r52zUeHvtWLpnOr8FtNBUghU56kwcV6l3WN9w7LXywQ_d2X7vvS333pXV8hddqnKkT8TSipGFDJvgBx9I80</recordid><startdate>2022</startdate><enddate>2022</enddate><creator>Ocheja, Patrick</creator><creator>Agbo, Friday Joseph</creator><creator>Oyelere, Solomon Sunday</creator><creator>Flanagan, Brendan</creator><creator>Ogata, Hiroaki</creator><general>IEEE</general><general>The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 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| subjects | Academic records analysis application programming interface (API) artificial intelligence (AI) bibliometric Bibliometrics Blockchain blockchain of learning logs (BOLL) Blockchains Case studies Cryptography Distribuerade datorsystem Education Educational technology Electronic learning experience API (xAPI) information and communication technology (ICT) latent dirichlet allocation (LDA) Learning Learning (artificial intelligence) learning management system (LMS) learning record store (LRS) learning tools interoperability (LTI) Pervasive Mobile Computing Qualitative analysis quick response (QR) sharable content object reference model (SCORM) smart ecosystem for learning and inclusion (SELI) Systematics |
| title | Blockchain in Education: A Systematic Review and Practical Case Studies |
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