The exploration of the soft X-ray excess in FSRQ 4C+21.35 during the 2014 X-ray flare

ABSTRACT We report the soft X-ray excess feature and an opposite tendency between the optical/UV and X-ray bands during the flare that occurred in 2014 in flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) 4C+21.35 with the observations by Swift-XRT and Swift-UVOT. These unusual phenomena are rarely reported in FSRQ...

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Veröffentlicht in:Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2023-08, Vol.525 (1), p.642-660
Hauptverfasser: Zhao, Keqin, Yin, Hongxing, Hu, Shaoming, Huang, Shifeng, Qiao, Erlin, Cheng, Huaqing, Chen, Xu, Xu, Jingran
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container_title Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
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creator Zhao, Keqin
Yin, Hongxing
Hu, Shaoming
Huang, Shifeng
Qiao, Erlin
Cheng, Huaqing
Chen, Xu
Xu, Jingran
description ABSTRACT We report the soft X-ray excess feature and an opposite tendency between the optical/UV and X-ray bands during the flare that occurred in 2014 in flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) 4C+21.35 with the observations by Swift-XRT and Swift-UVOT. These unusual phenomena are rarely reported in FSRQs. The flare was covered from the optical to the X-ray while no prominent activity in the γ-ray was observed, which could be an indication of weaker jet activity during the flare. We carry out the spectral energy distribution ranging from the optical to X-ray based on four models which are the warm corona model (Model-1), the relativistic reflection model (Model-2), the corona with the jet model (Model-3), and the relativistic reflection with the jet model (Model-4). We find some extreme variation of the parameters in Model-2 and Model-4 and they are unable to explain the correlations between the optical/UV and X-ray bands. Model-1 and Model-3 can obtain reasonable parameters and provide an explanation for the observed opposite tendency between the optical/UV and X-ray bands. However, considering the weak jet activity during the X-ray flare, Model-1 is much preferred for describing the soft X-ray excess, hard X-ray emission, as well as the opposite tendency between the optical/UV and X-rays. Based on Model-1, it is suggested that the flare in 2014 is probably due to the variation of the geometry of the corona, which is expected to be more strictly tested with further observations in the future.
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These unusual phenomena are rarely reported in FSRQs. The flare was covered from the optical to the X-ray while no prominent activity in the γ-ray was observed, which could be an indication of weaker jet activity during the flare. We carry out the spectral energy distribution ranging from the optical to X-ray based on four models which are the warm corona model (Model-1), the relativistic reflection model (Model-2), the corona with the jet model (Model-3), and the relativistic reflection with the jet model (Model-4). We find some extreme variation of the parameters in Model-2 and Model-4 and they are unable to explain the correlations between the optical/UV and X-ray bands. Model-1 and Model-3 can obtain reasonable parameters and provide an explanation for the observed opposite tendency between the optical/UV and X-ray bands. However, considering the weak jet activity during the X-ray flare, Model-1 is much preferred for describing the soft X-ray excess, hard X-ray emission, as well as the opposite tendency between the optical/UV and X-rays. 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These unusual phenomena are rarely reported in FSRQs. The flare was covered from the optical to the X-ray while no prominent activity in the γ-ray was observed, which could be an indication of weaker jet activity during the flare. We carry out the spectral energy distribution ranging from the optical to X-ray based on four models which are the warm corona model (Model-1), the relativistic reflection model (Model-2), the corona with the jet model (Model-3), and the relativistic reflection with the jet model (Model-4). We find some extreme variation of the parameters in Model-2 and Model-4 and they are unable to explain the correlations between the optical/UV and X-ray bands. Model-1 and Model-3 can obtain reasonable parameters and provide an explanation for the observed opposite tendency between the optical/UV and X-ray bands. 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These unusual phenomena are rarely reported in FSRQs. The flare was covered from the optical to the X-ray while no prominent activity in the γ-ray was observed, which could be an indication of weaker jet activity during the flare. We carry out the spectral energy distribution ranging from the optical to X-ray based on four models which are the warm corona model (Model-1), the relativistic reflection model (Model-2), the corona with the jet model (Model-3), and the relativistic reflection with the jet model (Model-4). We find some extreme variation of the parameters in Model-2 and Model-4 and they are unable to explain the correlations between the optical/UV and X-ray bands. Model-1 and Model-3 can obtain reasonable parameters and provide an explanation for the observed opposite tendency between the optical/UV and X-ray bands. 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title The exploration of the soft X-ray excess in FSRQ 4C+21.35 during the 2014 X-ray flare
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