2 The Effects of Training on Kinematics in a Mixed Group of Grower Pigs Using Negative Reinforcement and Positive Punishment over a Week

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the amount training necessary for reliable data to be obtained. Thirty-one True Choice Genetics pigs (CG32 x EB5 (9 females, 7 males) and CG32 x EBX (8 females, 7 males) weighing 68 kg were used to determine changes in gait due to training. Pig...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Journal of animal science 2018-04, Vol.96 (suppl_2), p.1-2
Hauptverfasser: Tinkle, A, Wilson, M E, Rambo, Z J, Bloxham, D J, De Mille, C M, Yin, A, Nunn, C, Edmunds, C, Duberstein, K J, Azain, M J, Dove, C R
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 2
container_issue suppl_2
container_start_page 1
container_title Journal of animal science
container_volume 96
creator Tinkle, A
Wilson, M E
Rambo, Z J
Bloxham, D J
De Mille, C M
Yin, A
Nunn, C
Edmunds, C
Duberstein, K J
Azain, M J
Dove, C R
description Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the amount training necessary for reliable data to be obtained. Thirty-one True Choice Genetics pigs (CG32 x EB5 (9 females, 7 males) and CG32 x EBX (8 females, 7 males) weighing 68 kg were used to determine changes in gait due to training. Pigs were individually walked across a 7.5 m pressure mat (GAIT4Dog®) every day on D1-D5 and then again on D8. Training was conducted using a sorting paddle as negative reinforcement (removing pressure) and positive punishment (adding pressure). Sessions were recorded on D1, D2, D4, and D8. Pigs walked across the mat for either 6 usable repetitions or for a maximum of 20 minutes. Stance time, swing time, stride length, percent stance, gait cycle, and velocity were determined for each day. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 PROC MIXED repeated measures model. There was a significant increase in velocity from D1 to D4 and a decrease on D8 (P < 0.001), which resulted in a decrease from D1 to D4 and an increase on D8 in swing time (P < 0.001), stance time (P < 0.001), cycle time (P < 0.001), and percent stance (P < 0.001). There were differences between females and males for self-selected velocity (P < 0.001), and stride length (P < 0.001). Females had a decreased cycle time (P < 0.001) and percent stance (P < 0.001). Differences between the EB5 and EBX sire lines were seen for rear swing (P < 0.001), front stance (P < 0.01), cycle time (front P < 0.02), and percent stance (front P < 0.01). Changes due to training reflect the loss of novelty to the mat due to repeat exposure. Differences due to sex and genetic line may be related to conformational differences. Velocity (cm/s) D1 D4 D8 Female Male EB5 EBX 180.3 196.81 188.67 197.35 182.75 187.75 192.35 Swing (s) Front 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.23 Rear 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.25 Stance (s) Front 0.26 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.23 Rear 0.23 0.19 0.21 0.19 0.22 0.21 0.21 Stride Length (cm) Front 83.49 84.59 84.24 85.84 82.71 83.77 84.78 Rear 83.28 84.36 84.01 85.65 82.46 83.59 84.52 Percent Stance (%) Front 50.92 49.38 49.92 48.48 51.84 50.65 49.67 Rear 45.69 43.11 44.38 42.41 45.87 43.65 44.63 Least square means of gait parameters for days, sex and sire lines
doi_str_mv 10.1093/jas/sky073.001
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>oup_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_crossref_primary_10_1093_jas_sky073_001</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><oup_id>10.1093/jas/sky073.001</oup_id><sourcerecordid>10.1093/jas/sky073.001</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1131-1df0d297f342ad1ded988ff92aaefd4d7657ad579e769a12473560de9a15c8fc3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkMtOQjEQhhujiYhuXc_WxYFe6LksDUE0ohIDcXnSnE6hIC1pAeUNfGwLuHc1k5n_m2Q-Qm4Z7TBaie5CxW5c7mkhOpSyM9JikstMsFyckxalnGVlyfgluYpxkQJcVrJFfjhM5ggDY7DZRPAGJkFZZ90MvINn63ClNraJYB0oeLHfqGEY_HZ9iKbmCwOM7SzCNB6YV5yl-A7hHa0zPjS4QrcB5TSMfbTH1XjrbJwf536XcAUfiMtrcmHUZ8Sbv9om04fBpP-Yjd6GT_37UdYwJljGtKGaV4URPa4006irsjSm4kqh0T1d5LJQWhYVFnmlGO8VQuZUY-plU5pGtEnndLcJPsaApl4Hu1JhXzNaHzzWyWN98lgnTQm4OwHp6f-yv73cdqo</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype></control><display><type>article</type><title>2 The Effects of Training on Kinematics in a Mixed Group of Grower Pigs Using Negative Reinforcement and Positive Punishment over a Week</title><source>Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current)</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Tinkle, A ; Wilson, M E ; Rambo, Z J ; Bloxham, D J ; De Mille, C M ; Yin, A ; Nunn, C ; Edmunds, C ; Duberstein, K J ; Azain, M J ; Dove, C R</creator><creatorcontrib>Tinkle, A ; Wilson, M E ; Rambo, Z J ; Bloxham, D J ; De Mille, C M ; Yin, A ; Nunn, C ; Edmunds, C ; Duberstein, K J ; Azain, M J ; Dove, C R</creatorcontrib><description><![CDATA[Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the amount training necessary for reliable data to be obtained. Thirty-one True Choice Genetics pigs (CG32 x EB5 (9 females, 7 males) and CG32 x EBX (8 females, 7 males) weighing 68 kg were used to determine changes in gait due to training. Pigs were individually walked across a 7.5 m pressure mat (GAIT4Dog®) every day on D1-D5 and then again on D8. Training was conducted using a sorting paddle as negative reinforcement (removing pressure) and positive punishment (adding pressure). Sessions were recorded on D1, D2, D4, and D8. Pigs walked across the mat for either 6 usable repetitions or for a maximum of 20 minutes. Stance time, swing time, stride length, percent stance, gait cycle, and velocity were determined for each day. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 PROC MIXED repeated measures model. There was a significant increase in velocity from D1 to D4 and a decrease on D8 (P < 0.001), which resulted in a decrease from D1 to D4 and an increase on D8 in swing time (P < 0.001), stance time (P < 0.001), cycle time (P < 0.001), and percent stance (P < 0.001). There were differences between females and males for self-selected velocity (P < 0.001), and stride length (P < 0.001). Females had a decreased cycle time (P < 0.001) and percent stance (P < 0.001). Differences between the EB5 and EBX sire lines were seen for rear swing (P < 0.001), front stance (P < 0.01), cycle time (front P < 0.02), and percent stance (front P < 0.01). Changes due to training reflect the loss of novelty to the mat due to repeat exposure. Differences due to sex and genetic line may be related to conformational differences. Velocity (cm/s) D1 D4 D8 Female Male EB5 EBX 180.3 196.81 188.67 197.35 182.75 187.75 192.35 Swing (s) Front 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.23 Rear 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.25 Stance (s) Front 0.26 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.23 Rear 0.23 0.19 0.21 0.19 0.22 0.21 0.21 Stride Length (cm) Front 83.49 84.59 84.24 85.84 82.71 83.77 84.78 Rear 83.28 84.36 84.01 85.65 82.46 83.59 84.52 Percent Stance (%) Front 50.92 49.38 49.92 48.48 51.84 50.65 49.67 Rear 45.69 43.11 44.38 42.41 45.87 43.65 44.63 Least square means of gait parameters for days, sex and sire lines]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-8812</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1525-3163</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky073.001</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>US: Oxford University Press</publisher><ispartof>Journal of animal science, 2018-04, Vol.96 (suppl_2), p.1-2</ispartof><rights>American Society of Animal Science 2018. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1578,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Tinkle, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wilson, M E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rambo, Z J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bloxham, D J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Mille, C M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yin, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nunn, C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Edmunds, C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duberstein, K J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Azain, M J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dove, C R</creatorcontrib><title>2 The Effects of Training on Kinematics in a Mixed Group of Grower Pigs Using Negative Reinforcement and Positive Punishment over a Week</title><title>Journal of animal science</title><description><![CDATA[Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the amount training necessary for reliable data to be obtained. Thirty-one True Choice Genetics pigs (CG32 x EB5 (9 females, 7 males) and CG32 x EBX (8 females, 7 males) weighing 68 kg were used to determine changes in gait due to training. Pigs were individually walked across a 7.5 m pressure mat (GAIT4Dog®) every day on D1-D5 and then again on D8. Training was conducted using a sorting paddle as negative reinforcement (removing pressure) and positive punishment (adding pressure). Sessions were recorded on D1, D2, D4, and D8. Pigs walked across the mat for either 6 usable repetitions or for a maximum of 20 minutes. Stance time, swing time, stride length, percent stance, gait cycle, and velocity were determined for each day. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 PROC MIXED repeated measures model. There was a significant increase in velocity from D1 to D4 and a decrease on D8 (P < 0.001), which resulted in a decrease from D1 to D4 and an increase on D8 in swing time (P < 0.001), stance time (P < 0.001), cycle time (P < 0.001), and percent stance (P < 0.001). There were differences between females and males for self-selected velocity (P < 0.001), and stride length (P < 0.001). Females had a decreased cycle time (P < 0.001) and percent stance (P < 0.001). Differences between the EB5 and EBX sire lines were seen for rear swing (P < 0.001), front stance (P < 0.01), cycle time (front P < 0.02), and percent stance (front P < 0.01). Changes due to training reflect the loss of novelty to the mat due to repeat exposure. Differences due to sex and genetic line may be related to conformational differences. Velocity (cm/s) D1 D4 D8 Female Male EB5 EBX 180.3 196.81 188.67 197.35 182.75 187.75 192.35 Swing (s) Front 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.23 Rear 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.25 Stance (s) Front 0.26 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.23 Rear 0.23 0.19 0.21 0.19 0.22 0.21 0.21 Stride Length (cm) Front 83.49 84.59 84.24 85.84 82.71 83.77 84.78 Rear 83.28 84.36 84.01 85.65 82.46 83.59 84.52 Percent Stance (%) Front 50.92 49.38 49.92 48.48 51.84 50.65 49.67 Rear 45.69 43.11 44.38 42.41 45.87 43.65 44.63 Least square means of gait parameters for days, sex and sire lines]]></description><issn>0021-8812</issn><issn>1525-3163</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkMtOQjEQhhujiYhuXc_WxYFe6LksDUE0ohIDcXnSnE6hIC1pAeUNfGwLuHc1k5n_m2Q-Qm4Z7TBaie5CxW5c7mkhOpSyM9JikstMsFyckxalnGVlyfgluYpxkQJcVrJFfjhM5ggDY7DZRPAGJkFZZ90MvINn63ClNraJYB0oeLHfqGEY_HZ9iKbmCwOM7SzCNB6YV5yl-A7hHa0zPjS4QrcB5TSMfbTH1XjrbJwf536XcAUfiMtrcmHUZ8Sbv9om04fBpP-Yjd6GT_37UdYwJljGtKGaV4URPa4006irsjSm4kqh0T1d5LJQWhYVFnmlGO8VQuZUY-plU5pGtEnndLcJPsaApl4Hu1JhXzNaHzzWyWN98lgnTQm4OwHp6f-yv73cdqo</recordid><startdate>20180410</startdate><enddate>20180410</enddate><creator>Tinkle, A</creator><creator>Wilson, M E</creator><creator>Rambo, Z J</creator><creator>Bloxham, D J</creator><creator>De Mille, C M</creator><creator>Yin, A</creator><creator>Nunn, C</creator><creator>Edmunds, C</creator><creator>Duberstein, K J</creator><creator>Azain, M J</creator><creator>Dove, C R</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20180410</creationdate><title>2 The Effects of Training on Kinematics in a Mixed Group of Grower Pigs Using Negative Reinforcement and Positive Punishment over a Week</title><author>Tinkle, A ; Wilson, M E ; Rambo, Z J ; Bloxham, D J ; De Mille, C M ; Yin, A ; Nunn, C ; Edmunds, C ; Duberstein, K J ; Azain, M J ; Dove, C R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c1131-1df0d297f342ad1ded988ff92aaefd4d7657ad579e769a12473560de9a15c8fc3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Tinkle, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wilson, M E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rambo, Z J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bloxham, D J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Mille, C M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yin, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nunn, C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Edmunds, C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duberstein, K J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Azain, M J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dove, C R</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><jtitle>Journal of animal science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tinkle, A</au><au>Wilson, M E</au><au>Rambo, Z J</au><au>Bloxham, D J</au><au>De Mille, C M</au><au>Yin, A</au><au>Nunn, C</au><au>Edmunds, C</au><au>Duberstein, K J</au><au>Azain, M J</au><au>Dove, C R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>2 The Effects of Training on Kinematics in a Mixed Group of Grower Pigs Using Negative Reinforcement and Positive Punishment over a Week</atitle><jtitle>Journal of animal science</jtitle><date>2018-04-10</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>96</volume><issue>suppl_2</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>2</epage><pages>1-2</pages><issn>0021-8812</issn><eissn>1525-3163</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the amount training necessary for reliable data to be obtained. Thirty-one True Choice Genetics pigs (CG32 x EB5 (9 females, 7 males) and CG32 x EBX (8 females, 7 males) weighing 68 kg were used to determine changes in gait due to training. Pigs were individually walked across a 7.5 m pressure mat (GAIT4Dog®) every day on D1-D5 and then again on D8. Training was conducted using a sorting paddle as negative reinforcement (removing pressure) and positive punishment (adding pressure). Sessions were recorded on D1, D2, D4, and D8. Pigs walked across the mat for either 6 usable repetitions or for a maximum of 20 minutes. Stance time, swing time, stride length, percent stance, gait cycle, and velocity were determined for each day. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 PROC MIXED repeated measures model. There was a significant increase in velocity from D1 to D4 and a decrease on D8 (P < 0.001), which resulted in a decrease from D1 to D4 and an increase on D8 in swing time (P < 0.001), stance time (P < 0.001), cycle time (P < 0.001), and percent stance (P < 0.001). There were differences between females and males for self-selected velocity (P < 0.001), and stride length (P < 0.001). Females had a decreased cycle time (P < 0.001) and percent stance (P < 0.001). Differences between the EB5 and EBX sire lines were seen for rear swing (P < 0.001), front stance (P < 0.01), cycle time (front P < 0.02), and percent stance (front P < 0.01). Changes due to training reflect the loss of novelty to the mat due to repeat exposure. Differences due to sex and genetic line may be related to conformational differences. Velocity (cm/s) D1 D4 D8 Female Male EB5 EBX 180.3 196.81 188.67 197.35 182.75 187.75 192.35 Swing (s) Front 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.23 Rear 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.25 Stance (s) Front 0.26 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.23 Rear 0.23 0.19 0.21 0.19 0.22 0.21 0.21 Stride Length (cm) Front 83.49 84.59 84.24 85.84 82.71 83.77 84.78 Rear 83.28 84.36 84.01 85.65 82.46 83.59 84.52 Percent Stance (%) Front 50.92 49.38 49.92 48.48 51.84 50.65 49.67 Rear 45.69 43.11 44.38 42.41 45.87 43.65 44.63 Least square means of gait parameters for days, sex and sire lines]]></abstract><cop>US</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><doi>10.1093/jas/sky073.001</doi><tpages>2</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0021-8812
ispartof Journal of animal science, 2018-04, Vol.96 (suppl_2), p.1-2
issn 0021-8812
1525-3163
language eng
recordid cdi_crossref_primary_10_1093_jas_sky073_001
source Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central
title 2 The Effects of Training on Kinematics in a Mixed Group of Grower Pigs Using Negative Reinforcement and Positive Punishment over a Week
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-10T20%3A37%3A44IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-oup_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2%20The%20Effects%20of%20Training%20on%20Kinematics%20in%20a%20Mixed%20Group%20of%20Grower%20Pigs%20Using%20Negative%20Reinforcement%20and%20Positive%20Punishment%20over%20a%20Week&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20animal%20science&rft.au=Tinkle,%20A&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=suppl_2&rft.spage=1&rft.epage=2&rft.pages=1-2&rft.issn=0021-8812&rft.eissn=1525-3163&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/jas/sky073.001&rft_dat=%3Coup_cross%3E10.1093/jas/sky073.001%3C/oup_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_oup_id=10.1093/jas/sky073.001&rfr_iscdi=true