Anogenital distance is associated with serum reproductive hormones, but not with semen quality in young men
Abstract STUDY QUESTION Is anogenital distance associated with semen parameters and serum reproductive hormone levels in males? SUMMARY ANSWER Anogenital distance is associated with serum reproductive hormones, but not with semen quality. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Epidemiological studies have suggested...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Human reproduction (Oxford) 2016-05, Vol.31 (5), p.958-967 |
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| creator | Zhou, Niya Sun, Lei Yang, Huan Chen, Qing Wang, Xiaogang Yang, Hao Tan, Lu Chen, Hongqiang Zhang, Guowei Ling, Xi Huang, Linping Zou, Peng Peng, Kaige Liu, Taixiu Liu, Jinyi Ao, Lin Zhou, Ziyuan Cui, Zhihong Cao, Jia |
| description | Abstract
STUDY QUESTION
Is anogenital distance associated with semen parameters and serum reproductive hormone levels in males?
SUMMARY ANSWER
Anogenital distance is associated with serum reproductive hormones, but not with semen quality.
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Epidemiological studies have suggested that anogenital distance (AGD) may be associated with testicular dysfunction in adult men. However, the role of AGD in estimating male reproductive function remains unclear.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
We examined the associations between AGD and semen parameters and reproductive hormones levels in 656 young college students in a Male Reproductive Health in Chongqing College Students (MARHCSs) cohort study in June of 2014.
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
In this study, two variants of AGD (AGDAP and AGDAS) were measured in 656 university students. Serum levels of testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and inhibin-B; and semen quality outcomes, including semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number, sperm progressive motility, total motility and morphology, were assessed. The associations between AGD and semen parameters/reproductive hormones levels were analyzed using multiple regression analysis.
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Both AGDAS and AGDAP were not associated with any semen parameters. In the non-parametric correlation analysis, AGDAP were correlated with sperm progressive motility and reproductive hormones of E2, testosterone, SHBG and the testosterone/LH ratio. However, body mass index (BMI) also significantly correlated with serum testosterone (r = −0.216, P = |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/humrep/dew052 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>oup_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_crossref_primary_10_1093_humrep_dew052</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><oup_id>10.1093/humrep/dew052</oup_id><sourcerecordid>10.1093/humrep/dew052</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c365t-f78e1ff54131ef723c2f7cdb299c09e62b411d30ef90a0dd7ae08e3a30225ba23</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqF0MtLAzEQBvAgiq3Vo1fJ0YNr8-i-jkV8QcGLnpdsMmmj3WTNw9L_3pW1Xj3NMPz4Bj6ELim5paTm803qPPRzBTuSsyM0pYuCZIzn5BhNCSuqjNKCTtBZCO-EDGtVnKIJKwdc0HKKPpbWrcGaKLZYmRCFlYBNwCIEJ42IoPDOxA0O4FOHh0_eqSSj-QK8cb5zFsINblPE1sWD7MDizyS2Ju6xsXjvkl3j4XiOTrTYBrj4nTP09nD_eveUrV4en--Wq0zyIo-ZLiugWucLyinoknHJdClVy-pakhoK1i4oVZyArokgSpUCSAVccMJY3grGZygbc6V3IXjQTe9NJ_y-oaT5Ka0ZS2vG0gZ_Nfo-tR2oP31oaQDXI3Cp_yfrGxv5erc</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype></control><display><type>article</type><title>Anogenital distance is associated with serum reproductive hormones, but not with semen quality in young men</title><source>Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current)</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Zhou, Niya ; Sun, Lei ; Yang, Huan ; Chen, Qing ; Wang, Xiaogang ; Yang, Hao ; Tan, Lu ; Chen, Hongqiang ; Zhang, Guowei ; Ling, Xi ; Huang, Linping ; Zou, Peng ; Peng, Kaige ; Liu, Taixiu ; Liu, Jinyi ; Ao, Lin ; Zhou, Ziyuan ; Cui, Zhihong ; Cao, Jia</creator><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Niya ; Sun, Lei ; Yang, Huan ; Chen, Qing ; Wang, Xiaogang ; Yang, Hao ; Tan, Lu ; Chen, Hongqiang ; Zhang, Guowei ; Ling, Xi ; Huang, Linping ; Zou, Peng ; Peng, Kaige ; Liu, Taixiu ; Liu, Jinyi ; Ao, Lin ; Zhou, Ziyuan ; Cui, Zhihong ; Cao, Jia</creatorcontrib><description>Abstract
STUDY QUESTION
Is anogenital distance associated with semen parameters and serum reproductive hormone levels in males?
SUMMARY ANSWER
Anogenital distance is associated with serum reproductive hormones, but not with semen quality.
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Epidemiological studies have suggested that anogenital distance (AGD) may be associated with testicular dysfunction in adult men. However, the role of AGD in estimating male reproductive function remains unclear.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
We examined the associations between AGD and semen parameters and reproductive hormones levels in 656 young college students in a Male Reproductive Health in Chongqing College Students (MARHCSs) cohort study in June of 2014.
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
In this study, two variants of AGD (AGDAP and AGDAS) were measured in 656 university students. Serum levels of testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and inhibin-B; and semen quality outcomes, including semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number, sperm progressive motility, total motility and morphology, were assessed. The associations between AGD and semen parameters/reproductive hormones levels were analyzed using multiple regression analysis.
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Both AGDAS and AGDAP were not associated with any semen parameters. In the non-parametric correlation analysis, AGDAP were correlated with sperm progressive motility and reproductive hormones of E2, testosterone, SHBG and the testosterone/LH ratio. However, body mass index (BMI) also significantly correlated with serum testosterone (r = −0.216, P = <0.0001) and SHBG (r = −0.229, P = <0.001). In the multiple regression models, AGDAP was negatively associated with the serum E2 level (95% CI, −0.198 to −0.043; P = 0.002) and positively associated with the ratio of T/E2 (95% CI, 0.004–0.011; P = 0.001) after an adjustment for BMI and other confounders.
LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Using only a single semen sample to predict male reproductive function over a longer period is a potential limitation of the present study. The other limitation is the cross-sectional nature of the study design. Longitudinal data from an extended follow-up on a large cohort would be more definitive.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Our results do not support previous studies where AGD is associated with male semen quality. The utility of AGD in predicting reproductive outcomes in adult males should thus be considered prudently.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This study was supported by the Key Program of Natural Science Funding of China (no. 81130051), Young Scientist Program of NSFC (no. 81502788) and the National Scientific and Technological Support Program of China (no. 2013BAI12B02). None of authors had any competing interests to declare.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0268-1161</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1460-2350</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew052</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27052617</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Adult ; Anal Canal ; Biometry ; Estradiol - blood ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone - blood ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones - blood ; Humans ; Luteinizing Hormone - blood ; Male ; Penis - anatomy & histology ; Perineum - anatomy & histology ; Progesterone - blood ; Prolactin - blood ; Semen Analysis ; Testosterone - blood</subject><ispartof>Human reproduction (Oxford), 2016-05, Vol.31 (5), p.958-967</ispartof><rights>The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com 2016</rights><rights>The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c365t-f78e1ff54131ef723c2f7cdb299c09e62b411d30ef90a0dd7ae08e3a30225ba23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c365t-f78e1ff54131ef723c2f7cdb299c09e62b411d30ef90a0dd7ae08e3a30225ba23</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1578,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27052617$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Niya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sun, Lei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Huan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Qing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Xiaogang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Hao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tan, Lu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Hongqiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Guowei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ling, Xi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Linping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zou, Peng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peng, Kaige</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Taixiu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Jinyi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ao, Lin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Ziyuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cui, Zhihong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, Jia</creatorcontrib><title>Anogenital distance is associated with serum reproductive hormones, but not with semen quality in young men</title><title>Human reproduction (Oxford)</title><addtitle>Hum Reprod</addtitle><description>Abstract
STUDY QUESTION
Is anogenital distance associated with semen parameters and serum reproductive hormone levels in males?
SUMMARY ANSWER
Anogenital distance is associated with serum reproductive hormones, but not with semen quality.
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Epidemiological studies have suggested that anogenital distance (AGD) may be associated with testicular dysfunction in adult men. However, the role of AGD in estimating male reproductive function remains unclear.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
We examined the associations between AGD and semen parameters and reproductive hormones levels in 656 young college students in a Male Reproductive Health in Chongqing College Students (MARHCSs) cohort study in June of 2014.
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
In this study, two variants of AGD (AGDAP and AGDAS) were measured in 656 university students. Serum levels of testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and inhibin-B; and semen quality outcomes, including semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number, sperm progressive motility, total motility and morphology, were assessed. The associations between AGD and semen parameters/reproductive hormones levels were analyzed using multiple regression analysis.
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Both AGDAS and AGDAP were not associated with any semen parameters. In the non-parametric correlation analysis, AGDAP were correlated with sperm progressive motility and reproductive hormones of E2, testosterone, SHBG and the testosterone/LH ratio. However, body mass index (BMI) also significantly correlated with serum testosterone (r = −0.216, P = <0.0001) and SHBG (r = −0.229, P = <0.001). In the multiple regression models, AGDAP was negatively associated with the serum E2 level (95% CI, −0.198 to −0.043; P = 0.002) and positively associated with the ratio of T/E2 (95% CI, 0.004–0.011; P = 0.001) after an adjustment for BMI and other confounders.
LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Using only a single semen sample to predict male reproductive function over a longer period is a potential limitation of the present study. The other limitation is the cross-sectional nature of the study design. Longitudinal data from an extended follow-up on a large cohort would be more definitive.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Our results do not support previous studies where AGD is associated with male semen quality. The utility of AGD in predicting reproductive outcomes in adult males should thus be considered prudently.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This study was supported by the Key Program of Natural Science Funding of China (no. 81130051), Young Scientist Program of NSFC (no. 81502788) and the National Scientific and Technological Support Program of China (no. 2013BAI12B02). None of authors had any competing interests to declare.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Anal Canal</subject><subject>Biometry</subject><subject>Estradiol - blood</subject><subject>Follicle Stimulating Hormone - blood</subject><subject>Gonadal Steroid Hormones - blood</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Luteinizing Hormone - blood</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Penis - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Perineum - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Progesterone - blood</subject><subject>Prolactin - blood</subject><subject>Semen Analysis</subject><subject>Testosterone - blood</subject><issn>0268-1161</issn><issn>1460-2350</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0MtLAzEQBvAgiq3Vo1fJ0YNr8-i-jkV8QcGLnpdsMmmj3WTNw9L_3pW1Xj3NMPz4Bj6ELim5paTm803qPPRzBTuSsyM0pYuCZIzn5BhNCSuqjNKCTtBZCO-EDGtVnKIJKwdc0HKKPpbWrcGaKLZYmRCFlYBNwCIEJ42IoPDOxA0O4FOHh0_eqSSj-QK8cb5zFsINblPE1sWD7MDizyS2Ju6xsXjvkl3j4XiOTrTYBrj4nTP09nD_eveUrV4en--Wq0zyIo-ZLiugWucLyinoknHJdClVy-pakhoK1i4oVZyArokgSpUCSAVccMJY3grGZygbc6V3IXjQTe9NJ_y-oaT5Ka0ZS2vG0gZ_Nfo-tR2oP31oaQDXI3Cp_yfrGxv5erc</recordid><startdate>20160501</startdate><enddate>20160501</enddate><creator>Zhou, Niya</creator><creator>Sun, Lei</creator><creator>Yang, Huan</creator><creator>Chen, Qing</creator><creator>Wang, Xiaogang</creator><creator>Yang, Hao</creator><creator>Tan, Lu</creator><creator>Chen, Hongqiang</creator><creator>Zhang, Guowei</creator><creator>Ling, Xi</creator><creator>Huang, Linping</creator><creator>Zou, Peng</creator><creator>Peng, Kaige</creator><creator>Liu, Taixiu</creator><creator>Liu, Jinyi</creator><creator>Ao, Lin</creator><creator>Zhou, Ziyuan</creator><creator>Cui, Zhihong</creator><creator>Cao, Jia</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160501</creationdate><title>Anogenital distance is associated with serum reproductive hormones, but not with semen quality in young men</title><author>Zhou, Niya ; Sun, Lei ; Yang, Huan ; Chen, Qing ; Wang, Xiaogang ; Yang, Hao ; Tan, Lu ; Chen, Hongqiang ; Zhang, Guowei ; Ling, Xi ; Huang, Linping ; Zou, Peng ; Peng, Kaige ; Liu, Taixiu ; Liu, Jinyi ; Ao, Lin ; Zhou, Ziyuan ; Cui, Zhihong ; Cao, Jia</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c365t-f78e1ff54131ef723c2f7cdb299c09e62b411d30ef90a0dd7ae08e3a30225ba23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Anal Canal</topic><topic>Biometry</topic><topic>Estradiol - blood</topic><topic>Follicle Stimulating Hormone - blood</topic><topic>Gonadal Steroid Hormones - blood</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Luteinizing Hormone - blood</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Penis - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Perineum - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Progesterone - blood</topic><topic>Prolactin - blood</topic><topic>Semen Analysis</topic><topic>Testosterone - blood</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Niya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sun, Lei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Huan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Qing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Xiaogang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Hao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tan, Lu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Hongqiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Guowei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ling, Xi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Linping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zou, Peng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peng, Kaige</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Taixiu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Jinyi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ao, Lin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Ziyuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cui, Zhihong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, Jia</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><jtitle>Human reproduction (Oxford)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhou, Niya</au><au>Sun, Lei</au><au>Yang, Huan</au><au>Chen, Qing</au><au>Wang, Xiaogang</au><au>Yang, Hao</au><au>Tan, Lu</au><au>Chen, Hongqiang</au><au>Zhang, Guowei</au><au>Ling, Xi</au><au>Huang, Linping</au><au>Zou, Peng</au><au>Peng, Kaige</au><au>Liu, Taixiu</au><au>Liu, Jinyi</au><au>Ao, Lin</au><au>Zhou, Ziyuan</au><au>Cui, Zhihong</au><au>Cao, Jia</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Anogenital distance is associated with serum reproductive hormones, but not with semen quality in young men</atitle><jtitle>Human reproduction (Oxford)</jtitle><addtitle>Hum Reprod</addtitle><date>2016-05-01</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>31</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>958</spage><epage>967</epage><pages>958-967</pages><issn>0268-1161</issn><eissn>1460-2350</eissn><abstract>Abstract
STUDY QUESTION
Is anogenital distance associated with semen parameters and serum reproductive hormone levels in males?
SUMMARY ANSWER
Anogenital distance is associated with serum reproductive hormones, but not with semen quality.
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Epidemiological studies have suggested that anogenital distance (AGD) may be associated with testicular dysfunction in adult men. However, the role of AGD in estimating male reproductive function remains unclear.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
We examined the associations between AGD and semen parameters and reproductive hormones levels in 656 young college students in a Male Reproductive Health in Chongqing College Students (MARHCSs) cohort study in June of 2014.
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
In this study, two variants of AGD (AGDAP and AGDAS) were measured in 656 university students. Serum levels of testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and inhibin-B; and semen quality outcomes, including semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number, sperm progressive motility, total motility and morphology, were assessed. The associations between AGD and semen parameters/reproductive hormones levels were analyzed using multiple regression analysis.
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Both AGDAS and AGDAP were not associated with any semen parameters. In the non-parametric correlation analysis, AGDAP were correlated with sperm progressive motility and reproductive hormones of E2, testosterone, SHBG and the testosterone/LH ratio. However, body mass index (BMI) also significantly correlated with serum testosterone (r = −0.216, P = <0.0001) and SHBG (r = −0.229, P = <0.001). In the multiple regression models, AGDAP was negatively associated with the serum E2 level (95% CI, −0.198 to −0.043; P = 0.002) and positively associated with the ratio of T/E2 (95% CI, 0.004–0.011; P = 0.001) after an adjustment for BMI and other confounders.
LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Using only a single semen sample to predict male reproductive function over a longer period is a potential limitation of the present study. The other limitation is the cross-sectional nature of the study design. Longitudinal data from an extended follow-up on a large cohort would be more definitive.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Our results do not support previous studies where AGD is associated with male semen quality. The utility of AGD in predicting reproductive outcomes in adult males should thus be considered prudently.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This study was supported by the Key Program of Natural Science Funding of China (no. 81130051), Young Scientist Program of NSFC (no. 81502788) and the National Scientific and Technological Support Program of China (no. 2013BAI12B02). None of authors had any competing interests to declare.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>27052617</pmid><doi>10.1093/humrep/dew052</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0268-1161 |
| ispartof | Human reproduction (Oxford), 2016-05, Vol.31 (5), p.958-967 |
| issn | 0268-1161 1460-2350 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_crossref_primary_10_1093_humrep_dew052 |
| source | Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Adult Anal Canal Biometry Estradiol - blood Follicle Stimulating Hormone - blood Gonadal Steroid Hormones - blood Humans Luteinizing Hormone - blood Male Penis - anatomy & histology Perineum - anatomy & histology Progesterone - blood Prolactin - blood Semen Analysis Testosterone - blood |
| title | Anogenital distance is associated with serum reproductive hormones, but not with semen quality in young men |
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