Body size and condition, not allochrony, affect temporal reproductive patterns in a prolonged breeding anuran

Individual phenological life-history variations in context of seasonal conditions are well documented in fishes and birds. However, amphibians, a group heavily affected by habitat loss and fragmentation, have received relatively little attention regarding research on life-history adaptations. Here we present three years of data on the timing of reproductive activity in a suburban European green toad (Bufotes viridis) population. We found annually consistent patterns of reproductive activity and investigated whether these were caused by allochrony or individual attributes. Body size (a proxy for age), body condition, and sex significantly affected the timing of reproduction. However, most individuals showed considerable overlap in their reproductive timeframe, refuting the existence of allochronic subpopulations. Our findings may indicate life-history adaptations in the direction of a faster lifestyle in response to hazardous environments. We propose to focus further research efforts on phenological variations in the context of environmental conditions, and that phenological variations should be considered more strongly in amphibian conservation efforts.