Automated air region delineation on MRI for synthetic CT creation

Automatically and accurately separating air from other low signal regions (especially bone, liver, etc) in an MRI is difficult because these tissues produce similar MR intensities, resulting in errors in synthetic CT generation for MRI-based radiation therapy planning. This work aims to develop a technique to accurately and automatically determine air-regions for MR-guided adaptive radiation therapy. CT and MRI scans (T2-weighted) of phantoms with fabricated air-cavities and abdominal cancer patients were used to establish an MR intensity threshold for air delineation. From the phantom data, air/tissue boundaries in MRI were identified by CT-MRI registration. A formula relating the MRI intensities of air and surrounding materials was established to auto-threshold air-regions. The air-regions were further refined by using quantitative image texture features. A naive Bayesian classifier was trained using the extracted features with a leave-one-out cross validation technique to differentiate air from non-air voxels. The multi-step air auto-segmentation method was tested against the manually segmented air-regions. The dosimetry impacts of the air-segmentation methods were studied. Air-regions in the abdomen can be segmented on MRI within 1 mm accuracy using a multi-step auto-segmentation method as compared to manually delineated contours. The air delineation based on the MR threshold formula was improved using the MRI texture differences between air and tissues, as judged by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 81% when two texture features (autocorrelation and contrast) were used. The performance increased to 82% with using three features (autocorrelation, sum-variance, and contrast). Dosimetric analysis showed no significant difference between the auto-segmentation and manual MR air delineation on commonly used dose volume parameters. The proposed techniques consisting of intensity-based auto-thresholding and image texture-based voxel classification can automatically and accurately segment air-regions on MRI, allowing synthetic CT to be generated quickly and precisely for MR-guided adaptive radiation therapy.