Facilitation within Species: A Possible Origin of Group-Selected Superorganisms
Facilitation (positive interactions) has emerged as a dominant ecological mechanism in many ecosystems. Its importance has recently been expanded to include intraspecific interactions, creating the potential for higher-level natural selection within species. Using multiple lines of evidence, we show...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The American naturalist 2011-07, Vol.178 (1), p.88-97 |
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| container_title | The American naturalist |
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| creator | McIntire, Eliot J. B. Fajardo, Alex |
| description | Facilitation (positive interactions) has emerged as a dominant ecological mechanism in many ecosystems. Its importance has recently been expanded to include intraspecific interactions, creating the potential for higher-level natural selection within species. Using multiple lines of evidence, we show that conspecific facilitation within the southern beech tree,Nothofagus pumilio, appears to overcome competition in two life phases. In a seedling experiment addressing stress and planting-density effects, we found that mortality was lowest (∼0%) where there was no stress and was indistinguishable across densities. Furthermore, in mature forests (45 years old), genetically variable, merged individuals had lower mortality (−50%) than unmerged individuals in locations without identifiable stress. Thus, a full understanding of the occurrence of facilitation may require a more general model of resource improvements than the commonly cited stress gradient hypothesis. Additionally, the merged trees showed a density-dependent mortality pattern at the level of the group. These data demonstrate a potential mechanism (facilitation) driving natural selection at this higher level, via stem merging. These merged “superorganisms” would confirm theoretical predictions whereby facilitation acts as an ecological mechanism driving group selection. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1086/660286 |
| format | Article |
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B. ; Fajardo, Alex</creator><contributor>Tia-Lynn Ashman ; Judith L. Bronstein</contributor><creatorcontrib>McIntire, Eliot J. B. ; Fajardo, Alex ; Tia-Lynn Ashman ; Judith L. Bronstein</creatorcontrib><description>Facilitation (positive interactions) has emerged as a dominant ecological mechanism in many ecosystems. Its importance has recently been expanded to include intraspecific interactions, creating the potential for higher-level natural selection within species. Using multiple lines of evidence, we show that conspecific facilitation within the southern beech tree,Nothofagus pumilio, appears to overcome competition in two life phases. In a seedling experiment addressing stress and planting-density effects, we found that mortality was lowest (∼0%) where there was no stress and was indistinguishable across densities. Furthermore, in mature forests (45 years old), genetically variable, merged individuals had lower mortality (−50%) than unmerged individuals in locations without identifiable stress. Thus, a full understanding of the occurrence of facilitation may require a more general model of resource improvements than the commonly cited stress gradient hypothesis. Additionally, the merged trees showed a density-dependent mortality pattern at the level of the group. These data demonstrate a potential mechanism (facilitation) driving natural selection at this higher level, via stem merging. 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Psychology ; General aspects ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics ; Group selection ; Magnoliopsida - genetics ; Magnoliopsida - physiology ; Mortality ; Phenotypic traits ; Plants ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seedlings ; Selection, Genetic ; Species ; Stress, Physiological ; Sustainable agriculture ; Trees</subject><ispartof>The American naturalist, 2011-07, Vol.178 (1), p.88-97</ispartof><rights>2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright University of Chicago, acting through its Press Jul 2011</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c323t-64611583e54716c180750e22c7c9a62a3b13925eddae4aa9fbc8fba57282fe463</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c323t-64611583e54716c180750e22c7c9a62a3b13925eddae4aa9fbc8fba57282fe463</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,803,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24258884$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21670580$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Tia-Lynn Ashman</contributor><contributor>Judith L. Bronstein</contributor><creatorcontrib>McIntire, Eliot J. B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fajardo, Alex</creatorcontrib><title>Facilitation within Species: A Possible Origin of Group-Selected Superorganisms</title><title>The American naturalist</title><addtitle>Am Nat</addtitle><description>Facilitation (positive interactions) has emerged as a dominant ecological mechanism in many ecosystems. Its importance has recently been expanded to include intraspecific interactions, creating the potential for higher-level natural selection within species. Using multiple lines of evidence, we show that conspecific facilitation within the southern beech tree,Nothofagus pumilio, appears to overcome competition in two life phases. In a seedling experiment addressing stress and planting-density effects, we found that mortality was lowest (∼0%) where there was no stress and was indistinguishable across densities. Furthermore, in mature forests (45 years old), genetically variable, merged individuals had lower mortality (−50%) than unmerged individuals in locations without identifiable stress. Thus, a full understanding of the occurrence of facilitation may require a more general model of resource improvements than the commonly cited stress gradient hypothesis. Additionally, the merged trees showed a density-dependent mortality pattern at the level of the group. These data demonstrate a potential mechanism (facilitation) driving natural selection at this higher level, via stem merging. 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Psychology</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Genetic Variation</subject><subject>Genetics</subject><subject>Group selection</subject><subject>Magnoliopsida - genetics</subject><subject>Magnoliopsida - physiology</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Phenotypic traits</subject><subject>Plants</subject><subject>Population Density</subject><subject>Population Dynamics</subject><subject>Seedlings</subject><subject>Selection, Genetic</subject><subject>Species</subject><subject>Stress, Physiological</subject><subject>Sustainable agriculture</subject><subject>Trees</subject><issn>0003-0147</issn><issn>1537-5323</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqN0ElLxDAUB_Agio7bR5Dihpdq9qbeRNxAGGH0XNL0dczQaWrSIn57Ix31JHgKj_x4yx-hfYLPCVbyQkpMlVxDEyJYlgpG2TqaYIxZignPttB2CItY5jwXm2iLEplhofAETW-1sY3tdW9dm7zb_tW2yawDYyFcJlfJkwvBlg0kU2_n8cvVyZ13Q5fOoAHTQ5XMhg6883Pd2rAMu2ij1k2AvdW7g15ub56v79PH6d3D9dVjauJqfSq5JEQoBoJnRBqicCYwUGoyk2tJNSsJy6mAqtLAtc7r0qi61CKjitbAJdtBh2Pfzru3AUJfLNzg2ziyUBlnjDBFIzodkfHxDA910Xm71P6jILj4iq0YY4vwYNVtKJdQ_bDvnCI4WQEdjG5qr1tjw6_jVCileHTHoxvMqzV67joPIfzu9jPv7B-s6Ko60qORLkLv_F8HfAJSqJjj</recordid><startdate>20110701</startdate><enddate>20110701</enddate><creator>McIntire, Eliot J. 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B. ; Fajardo, Alex</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c323t-64611583e54716c180750e22c7c9a62a3b13925eddae4aa9fbc8fba57282fe463</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Aging</topic><topic>Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis</topic><topic>Animal and plant ecology</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Chile</topic><topic>Ecosystems</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Evolution</topic><topic>Evolutionary genetics</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. 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B.</au><au>Fajardo, Alex</au><au>Tia-Lynn Ashman</au><au>Judith L. Bronstein</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Facilitation within Species: A Possible Origin of Group-Selected Superorganisms</atitle><jtitle>The American naturalist</jtitle><addtitle>Am Nat</addtitle><date>2011-07-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>178</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>88</spage><epage>97</epage><pages>88-97</pages><issn>0003-0147</issn><eissn>1537-5323</eissn><coden>AMNTA4</coden><abstract>Facilitation (positive interactions) has emerged as a dominant ecological mechanism in many ecosystems. Its importance has recently been expanded to include intraspecific interactions, creating the potential for higher-level natural selection within species. Using multiple lines of evidence, we show that conspecific facilitation within the southern beech tree,Nothofagus pumilio, appears to overcome competition in two life phases. In a seedling experiment addressing stress and planting-density effects, we found that mortality was lowest (∼0%) where there was no stress and was indistinguishable across densities. Furthermore, in mature forests (45 years old), genetically variable, merged individuals had lower mortality (−50%) than unmerged individuals in locations without identifiable stress. Thus, a full understanding of the occurrence of facilitation may require a more general model of resource improvements than the commonly cited stress gradient hypothesis. Additionally, the merged trees showed a density-dependent mortality pattern at the level of the group. These data demonstrate a potential mechanism (facilitation) driving natural selection at this higher level, via stem merging. 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| subjects | Aging Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biological and medical sciences Chile Ecosystems Environment Evolution Evolutionary genetics Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Genetic Variation Genetics Group selection Magnoliopsida - genetics Magnoliopsida - physiology Mortality Phenotypic traits Plants Population Density Population Dynamics Seedlings Selection, Genetic Species Stress, Physiological Sustainable agriculture Trees |
| title | Facilitation within Species: A Possible Origin of Group-Selected Superorganisms |
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