Changing perceptions of the Qing Dynasty in the Late Joseon Dynasty and Chinese style architecture that emerged in Joseon in the 18th century

This study examines changing perceptions of China's Qing Dynasty within the Joseon Dynasty, focusing on Chinese-style buildings during the late Joseon period (18th-19th). Until the mid-18th century, Joseon views of the Qing Empire were dominated by the northern expedition. These perceptions began to change when yeonhaengsa introduced Qing Dynasty culture to Joseon society. Some progressive Joseon thinkers promoted the Bukhak theory, arguing that Joseon should proactively adopt Qing and Western culture via the Qing Empire. During cultural exchanges with Qing scholars, Joseon intellectuals developed an interest in China's advanced architectural technology, including its construction techniques, use of wagons, and ondol system. The Bukhak scholars were particularly impressed with brick, which they endeavored to promote throughout Joseon. First, Park Jiwon (朴趾源, 1737-1805) built brick Chinese-style buildings in Anui, Gyeongsang Province and Gyedong, Seoul at the end of the 18th century. After the construction of the Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, architectural experiments influenced by Qing culture began to appear in various fields in Joseon. The Chinese architecture introduced to Joseon by Silhak scholars can be understood as an adoption of a foreign culture. This architecture helped Joseon acclimatize to foreign influences before the full-scale introduction of Western modern architecture, following the opening of the port in the late 19th century.