Widespread detoxifying NO reductases impart a distinct isotopic fingerprint on N 2 O under anoxia

Nitrous oxide (N O), a potent greenhouse gas, can be generated by multiple biological and abiotic processes in diverse contexts. Accurately tracking the dominant sources of N O has the potential to improve our understanding of N O fluxes from soils as well as inform the diagnosis of human infections. Isotopic "Site Preference" (SP) values have been used toward this end, as bacterial and fungal nitric oxide reductases (NORs) produce N O with different isotopic fingerprints, spanning a large range. Here, we show that flavohemoglobin (Fhp), a hitherto biogeochemically neglected yet widely distributed detoxifying bacterial NO reductase, imparts a distinct SP value onto N O under anoxic conditions (~+10‰) that correlates with typical environmental N O SP measurements. Using as a model organism, we generated strains that only contained Fhp or the dissimilatory NOR, finding that in vivo N O SP values imparted by these enzymes differ by over 10‰. Depending on the cellular physiological state, the ratio of Fhp:NOR varies significantly in wild-type cells and controls the net N O SP biosignature: When cells grow anaerobically under denitrifying conditions, NOR dominates; when cells experience rapid, increased nitric oxide concentrations under anoxic conditions but are not growing, Fhp dominates. Other bacteria that only make Fhp generate similar N O SP biosignatures to those measured from our Fhp-only strain. Fhp homologs in sequenced bacterial genomes currently exceed NOR homologs by nearly a factor of four. Accordingly, we suggest a different framework to guide the attribution of N O biological sources in nature and disease.