A plano–convex thick-lens velocity map imaging apparatus for direct, high resolution 3D momentum measurements of photoelectrons with ion time-of-flight coincidence
Since their inception, velocity map imaging (VMI) techniques have received continued interest in their expansion from 2D to 3D momentum measurements through either reconstructive or direct methods. Recently, much work has been devoted to the latter of these by relating electron time-of-flight (TOF)...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Review of scientific instruments 2023-01, Vol.94 (1), p.013303-013303 |
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| creator | Davino, Michael McManus, Edward Helming, Nora G. Cheng, Chuan Moǧol, Gönenç Rodnova, Zhanna Harrison, Geoffrey Watson, Kevin Weinacht, Thomas Gibson, George N. Saule, Tobias Trallero-Herrero, Carlos A. |
| description | Since their inception, velocity map imaging (VMI) techniques have received continued interest in their expansion from 2D to 3D momentum measurements through either reconstructive or direct methods. Recently, much work has been devoted to the latter of these by relating electron time-of-flight (TOF) to the third momentum component. The challenge is having a timing resolution sufficient to resolve the structure in the narrow ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1063/5.0129900 |
| format | Article |
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Recently, much work has been devoted to the latter of these by relating electron time-of-flight (TOF) to the third momentum component. The challenge is having a timing resolution sufficient to resolve the structure in the narrow (<10 ns) electron TOF spread. Here, we build upon the work in VMI lens design and 3D VMI measurement by using a plano–convex thick-lens (PCTL) VMI in conjunction with an event-driven camera (TPX3CAM) providing TOF information for high resolution 3D electron momentum measurements. We perform simulations to show that, with the addition of a mesh electrode to the thick-lens geometry, the resulting plano–convex electrostatic field extends the detectable electron cutoff energy range while retaining the high resolution. This design also extends the electron TOF range, allowing for a better momentum resolution along this axis. We experimentally demonstrate these capabilities by examining above-threshold ionization in xenon, where the apparatus is shown to collect electrons of energy up to ∼7 eV with a TOF spread of ∼30 ns, both of which are improved compared to a previous work by factors of ∼1.4 and ∼3.75, respectively. Finally, the PCTL-VMI is equipped with a coincident ion TOF spectrometer, which is shown to effectively extract unique 3D momentum distributions for different ionic species in a gas mixture. These techniques have the potential to lend themselves to more advanced measurements involving systems where the electron momentum distributions possess non-trivial symmetries.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0034-6748</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1089-7623</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1063/5.0129900</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36725611</identifier><identifier>CODEN: RSINAK</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Institute of Physics</publisher><subject>Electric fields ; Electrons ; Finite element method ; Gas mixtures ; High resolution ; Ions ; Lens design ; Lenses ; Momentum ; Photoelectrons ; Xenon</subject><ispartof>Review of scientific instruments, 2023-01, Vol.94 (1), p.013303-013303</ispartof><rights>Author(s)</rights><rights>2023 Author(s). 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We experimentally demonstrate these capabilities by examining above-threshold ionization in xenon, where the apparatus is shown to collect electrons of energy up to ∼7 eV with a TOF spread of ∼30 ns, both of which are improved compared to a previous work by factors of ∼1.4 and ∼3.75, respectively. Finally, the PCTL-VMI is equipped with a coincident ion TOF spectrometer, which is shown to effectively extract unique 3D momentum distributions for different ionic species in a gas mixture. 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McManus, Edward ; Helming, Nora G. ; Cheng, Chuan ; Moǧol, Gönenç ; Rodnova, Zhanna ; Harrison, Geoffrey ; Watson, Kevin ; Weinacht, Thomas ; Gibson, George N. ; Saule, Tobias ; Trallero-Herrero, Carlos A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c445t-a8e0b42f8bfba6d4c0404bc1fec709794437327a40cd2632323cbf5c22e8d1993</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Electric fields</topic><topic>Electrons</topic><topic>Finite element method</topic><topic>Gas mixtures</topic><topic>High resolution</topic><topic>Ions</topic><topic>Lens design</topic><topic>Lenses</topic><topic>Momentum</topic><topic>Photoelectrons</topic><topic>Xenon</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Davino, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McManus, Edward</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Helming, Nora G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheng, Chuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moǧol, Gönenç</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rodnova, Zhanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harrison, Geoffrey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watson, Kevin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weinacht, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gibson, George N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saule, Tobias</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Trallero-Herrero, Carlos A.</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Review of scientific instruments</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Davino, Michael</au><au>McManus, Edward</au><au>Helming, Nora G.</au><au>Cheng, Chuan</au><au>Moǧol, Gönenç</au><au>Rodnova, Zhanna</au><au>Harrison, Geoffrey</au><au>Watson, Kevin</au><au>Weinacht, Thomas</au><au>Gibson, George N.</au><au>Saule, Tobias</au><au>Trallero-Herrero, Carlos A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A plano–convex thick-lens velocity map imaging apparatus for direct, high resolution 3D momentum measurements of photoelectrons with ion time-of-flight coincidence</atitle><jtitle>Review of scientific instruments</jtitle><addtitle>Rev Sci Instrum</addtitle><date>2023-01-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>94</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>013303</spage><epage>013303</epage><pages>013303-013303</pages><issn>0034-6748</issn><eissn>1089-7623</eissn><coden>RSINAK</coden><abstract>Since their inception, velocity map imaging (VMI) techniques have received continued interest in their expansion from 2D to 3D momentum measurements through either reconstructive or direct methods. Recently, much work has been devoted to the latter of these by relating electron time-of-flight (TOF) to the third momentum component. The challenge is having a timing resolution sufficient to resolve the structure in the narrow (<10 ns) electron TOF spread. Here, we build upon the work in VMI lens design and 3D VMI measurement by using a plano–convex thick-lens (PCTL) VMI in conjunction with an event-driven camera (TPX3CAM) providing TOF information for high resolution 3D electron momentum measurements. We perform simulations to show that, with the addition of a mesh electrode to the thick-lens geometry, the resulting plano–convex electrostatic field extends the detectable electron cutoff energy range while retaining the high resolution. This design also extends the electron TOF range, allowing for a better momentum resolution along this axis. We experimentally demonstrate these capabilities by examining above-threshold ionization in xenon, where the apparatus is shown to collect electrons of energy up to ∼7 eV with a TOF spread of ∼30 ns, both of which are improved compared to a previous work by factors of ∼1.4 and ∼3.75, respectively. Finally, the PCTL-VMI is equipped with a coincident ion TOF spectrometer, which is shown to effectively extract unique 3D momentum distributions for different ionic species in a gas mixture. 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| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0034-6748 |
| ispartof | Review of scientific instruments, 2023-01, Vol.94 (1), p.013303-013303 |
| issn | 0034-6748 1089-7623 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0129900 |
| source | AIP Journals Complete; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Electric fields Electrons Finite element method Gas mixtures High resolution Ions Lens design Lenses Momentum Photoelectrons Xenon |
| title | A plano–convex thick-lens velocity map imaging apparatus for direct, high resolution 3D momentum measurements of photoelectrons with ion time-of-flight coincidence |
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