Absolute calibration of a total yield indium activation detector for DD and DT neutrons
Progress in Z‐pinch experiments at Sandia’s Saturn facility have underscored a need for an absolute yield measurement for DD fusion neutrons. The technique chosen for making this absolute yield measurement was neutron activation of indium metal samples. To calibrate the technique, a 175‐keV deuteron...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Review of Scientific Instruments 1992-10, Vol.63 (10), p.4889-4891 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 4891 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 10 |
| container_start_page | 4889 |
| container_title | Review of Scientific Instruments |
| container_volume | 63 |
| creator | Ruiz, C. L. Leeper, R. J. Schmidlapp, F. A. Cooper, G. Malbrough, D. J. |
| description | Progress in Z‐pinch experiments at Sandia’s Saturn facility have underscored a need for an absolute yield measurement for DD fusion neutrons. The technique chosen for making this absolute yield measurement was neutron activation of indium metal samples. To calibrate the technique, a 175‐keV deuteron beam was allowed to impinge on a 3.0‐μm‐thick erbium deuteride target, producing neutrons through the 2H(d,n)3He fusion reaction. The neutron flux produced at 0° and incident on nominal 5‐g indium samples was determined by the associated particle method. This method employed protons measured from the 2H(d,p)3H reaction to infer the neutron flux produced. After neutron irradiation, the activity of the indium samples was measured with a Ge gamma‐ray detector. The total activity of the metastable state 115m
In (336.23 keV) was measured, compared with the total incident flux, and a calibration factor (indium counts/neutron/gram of indium) determined. For completeness, a calibration factor for DT neutrons from the 3H(d,n)4He fusion reaction was also obtained through the measured activity of the metastable state 114m
In(190.29 keV). The experiment and the measured calibration factors for both reactions are described in the paper. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1063/1.1143541 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_crossref_primary_10_1063_1_1143541</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>25548544</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c419t-f6d9d3c1589ea97e26d39e4edc8f0bd5ee35da935f342155fa1cf0ce1ffa554c3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp90E1rHSEYBWAJDeQ26aL_QEopNDCJ76jzsQy5zQcEsknpUrz6Sixz9VadQP59TObSrhpB3DweDoeQz8DOgHX8HM4ABJcCDsgK2DA2fdfyD2TFGBdN14vhiHzM-TerRwKsyK-LTY7TXJAaPflN0sXHQKOjmpZY9ESfPU6W-mD9vKXaFP-0EIsFTYmJunrXa6qDpesHGnAuKYZ8Qg6dnjJ-2r_H5OfVj4fLm-bu_vr28uKuMQLG0rjOjpYbkMOIeuyx7SwfUaA1g2MbKxG5tHrk0nHRgpROg3HMIDinpRSGH5MvS27MxatsfG31aGIItZzq2x6Grq_o24J2Kf6ZMRe19dngNOmAcc6qrVGDFKLC7ws0Keac0Kld8ludnhUw9bqvArXft9qv-1Cd63Yu6WB8_vtBCBjq6JWdLuy129t072b-Fz_F9A-qnXX8BXTuldM</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>25548544</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Absolute calibration of a total yield indium activation detector for DD and DT neutrons</title><source>AIP Digital Archive</source><creator>Ruiz, C. L. ; Leeper, R. J. ; Schmidlapp, F. A. ; Cooper, G. ; Malbrough, D. J.</creator><creatorcontrib>Ruiz, C. L. ; Leeper, R. J. ; Schmidlapp, F. A. ; Cooper, G. ; Malbrough, D. J.</creatorcontrib><description>Progress in Z‐pinch experiments at Sandia’s Saturn facility have underscored a need for an absolute yield measurement for DD fusion neutrons. The technique chosen for making this absolute yield measurement was neutron activation of indium metal samples. To calibrate the technique, a 175‐keV deuteron beam was allowed to impinge on a 3.0‐μm‐thick erbium deuteride target, producing neutrons through the 2H(d,n)3He fusion reaction. The neutron flux produced at 0° and incident on nominal 5‐g indium samples was determined by the associated particle method. This method employed protons measured from the 2H(d,p)3H reaction to infer the neutron flux produced. After neutron irradiation, the activity of the indium samples was measured with a Ge gamma‐ray detector. The total activity of the metastable state 115m
In (336.23 keV) was measured, compared with the total incident flux, and a calibration factor (indium counts/neutron/gram of indium) determined. For completeness, a calibration factor for DT neutrons from the 3H(d,n)4He fusion reaction was also obtained through the measured activity of the metastable state 114m
In(190.29 keV). The experiment and the measured calibration factors for both reactions are described in the paper.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0034-6748</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1089-7623</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1063/1.1143541</identifier><identifier>CODEN: RSINAK</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Woodbury, NY: American Institute of Physics</publisher><subject>440103 - Radiation Instrumentation- Nuclear Spectroscopic Instrumentation ; 663440 - D-, T-, & He-induced Reactions & Scattering- (1992-) ; 663510 - Nuclear Mass Ranges- A=1-5- (1992-) ; 70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY ; 700320 - Plasma Diagnostic Techniques & Instrumentation- (1992-) ; ACTIVATION DETECTORS ; BARYONS ; CALIBRATION ; CHARGED-PARTICLE REACTIONS ; DETECTION ; DEUTERIUM TARGET ; DEUTERON REACTIONS ; ELEMENTARY PARTICLES ; ELEMENTS ; ENERGY RANGE ; EVEN-EVEN NUCLEI ; EVEN-ODD NUCLEI ; Exact sciences and technology ; FERMIONS ; FUSION YIELD ; HADRONS ; HEAVY ION FUSION REACTIONS ; HELIUM 3 ; HELIUM 4 ; HELIUM ISOTOPES ; INDIUM ; INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ; ISOTOPES ; KEV RANGE ; KEV RANGE 100-1000 ; LIGHT NUCLEI ; LINEAR PINCH DEVICES ; LINEAR Z PINCH DEVICES ; MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ; METALS ; NEUTRON DETECTION ; NEUTRON DETECTORS ; NEUTRON FLUX ; NEUTRONS ; NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS ; NUCLEAR REACTION YIELD ; NUCLEAR REACTIONS ; NUCLEI ; NUCLEONS ; OPEN PLASMA DEVICES ; Physics ; Physics of gases, plasmas and electric discharges ; Physics of plasmas and electric discharges ; PINCH DEVICES ; Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation ; PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS ; RADIATION DETECTION ; RADIATION DETECTORS ; RADIATION FLUX ; STABLE ISOTOPES ; TARGETS ; THERMONUCLEAR DEVICES ; TRITIUM TARGET ; YIELDS</subject><ispartof>Review of Scientific Instruments, 1992-10, Vol.63 (10), p.4889-4891</ispartof><rights>American Institute of Physics</rights><rights>1993 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c419t-f6d9d3c1589ea97e26d39e4edc8f0bd5ee35da935f342155fa1cf0ce1ffa554c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c419t-f6d9d3c1589ea97e26d39e4edc8f0bd5ee35da935f342155fa1cf0ce1ffa554c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article-lookup/doi/10.1063/1.1143541$$EHTML$$P50$$Gscitation$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,309,310,314,780,784,789,790,885,1559,23930,23931,25140,27924,27925,76390</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=4418003$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/7271867$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ruiz, C. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leeper, R. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmidlapp, F. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cooper, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Malbrough, D. J.</creatorcontrib><title>Absolute calibration of a total yield indium activation detector for DD and DT neutrons</title><title>Review of Scientific Instruments</title><description>Progress in Z‐pinch experiments at Sandia’s Saturn facility have underscored a need for an absolute yield measurement for DD fusion neutrons. The technique chosen for making this absolute yield measurement was neutron activation of indium metal samples. To calibrate the technique, a 175‐keV deuteron beam was allowed to impinge on a 3.0‐μm‐thick erbium deuteride target, producing neutrons through the 2H(d,n)3He fusion reaction. The neutron flux produced at 0° and incident on nominal 5‐g indium samples was determined by the associated particle method. This method employed protons measured from the 2H(d,p)3H reaction to infer the neutron flux produced. After neutron irradiation, the activity of the indium samples was measured with a Ge gamma‐ray detector. The total activity of the metastable state 115m
In (336.23 keV) was measured, compared with the total incident flux, and a calibration factor (indium counts/neutron/gram of indium) determined. For completeness, a calibration factor for DT neutrons from the 3H(d,n)4He fusion reaction was also obtained through the measured activity of the metastable state 114m
In(190.29 keV). The experiment and the measured calibration factors for both reactions are described in the paper.</description><subject>440103 - Radiation Instrumentation- Nuclear Spectroscopic Instrumentation</subject><subject>663440 - D-, T-, & He-induced Reactions & Scattering- (1992-)</subject><subject>663510 - Nuclear Mass Ranges- A=1-5- (1992-)</subject><subject>70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY</subject><subject>700320 - Plasma Diagnostic Techniques & Instrumentation- (1992-)</subject><subject>ACTIVATION DETECTORS</subject><subject>BARYONS</subject><subject>CALIBRATION</subject><subject>CHARGED-PARTICLE REACTIONS</subject><subject>DETECTION</subject><subject>DEUTERIUM TARGET</subject><subject>DEUTERON REACTIONS</subject><subject>ELEMENTARY PARTICLES</subject><subject>ELEMENTS</subject><subject>ENERGY RANGE</subject><subject>EVEN-EVEN NUCLEI</subject><subject>EVEN-ODD NUCLEI</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>FERMIONS</subject><subject>FUSION YIELD</subject><subject>HADRONS</subject><subject>HEAVY ION FUSION REACTIONS</subject><subject>HELIUM 3</subject><subject>HELIUM 4</subject><subject>HELIUM ISOTOPES</subject><subject>INDIUM</subject><subject>INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY</subject><subject>ISOTOPES</subject><subject>KEV RANGE</subject><subject>KEV RANGE 100-1000</subject><subject>LIGHT NUCLEI</subject><subject>LINEAR PINCH DEVICES</subject><subject>LINEAR Z PINCH DEVICES</subject><subject>MEASURING INSTRUMENTS</subject><subject>METALS</subject><subject>NEUTRON DETECTION</subject><subject>NEUTRON DETECTORS</subject><subject>NEUTRON FLUX</subject><subject>NEUTRONS</subject><subject>NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS</subject><subject>NUCLEAR REACTION YIELD</subject><subject>NUCLEAR REACTIONS</subject><subject>NUCLEI</subject><subject>NUCLEONS</subject><subject>OPEN PLASMA DEVICES</subject><subject>Physics</subject><subject>Physics of gases, plasmas and electric discharges</subject><subject>Physics of plasmas and electric discharges</subject><subject>PINCH DEVICES</subject><subject>Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation</subject><subject>PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS</subject><subject>RADIATION DETECTION</subject><subject>RADIATION DETECTORS</subject><subject>RADIATION FLUX</subject><subject>STABLE ISOTOPES</subject><subject>TARGETS</subject><subject>THERMONUCLEAR DEVICES</subject><subject>TRITIUM TARGET</subject><subject>YIELDS</subject><issn>0034-6748</issn><issn>1089-7623</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1992</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp90E1rHSEYBWAJDeQ26aL_QEopNDCJ76jzsQy5zQcEsknpUrz6Sixz9VadQP59TObSrhpB3DweDoeQz8DOgHX8HM4ABJcCDsgK2DA2fdfyD2TFGBdN14vhiHzM-TerRwKsyK-LTY7TXJAaPflN0sXHQKOjmpZY9ESfPU6W-mD9vKXaFP-0EIsFTYmJunrXa6qDpesHGnAuKYZ8Qg6dnjJ-2r_H5OfVj4fLm-bu_vr28uKuMQLG0rjOjpYbkMOIeuyx7SwfUaA1g2MbKxG5tHrk0nHRgpROg3HMIDinpRSGH5MvS27MxatsfG31aGIItZzq2x6Grq_o24J2Kf6ZMRe19dngNOmAcc6qrVGDFKLC7ws0Keac0Kld8ludnhUw9bqvArXft9qv-1Cd63Yu6WB8_vtBCBjq6JWdLuy129t072b-Fz_F9A-qnXX8BXTuldM</recordid><startdate>19921001</startdate><enddate>19921001</enddate><creator>Ruiz, C. L.</creator><creator>Leeper, R. J.</creator><creator>Schmidlapp, F. A.</creator><creator>Cooper, G.</creator><creator>Malbrough, D. J.</creator><general>American Institute of Physics</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19921001</creationdate><title>Absolute calibration of a total yield indium activation detector for DD and DT neutrons</title><author>Ruiz, C. L. ; Leeper, R. J. ; Schmidlapp, F. A. ; Cooper, G. ; Malbrough, D. J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c419t-f6d9d3c1589ea97e26d39e4edc8f0bd5ee35da935f342155fa1cf0ce1ffa554c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1992</creationdate><topic>440103 - Radiation Instrumentation- Nuclear Spectroscopic Instrumentation</topic><topic>663440 - D-, T-, & He-induced Reactions & Scattering- (1992-)</topic><topic>663510 - Nuclear Mass Ranges- A=1-5- (1992-)</topic><topic>70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY</topic><topic>700320 - Plasma Diagnostic Techniques & Instrumentation- (1992-)</topic><topic>ACTIVATION DETECTORS</topic><topic>BARYONS</topic><topic>CALIBRATION</topic><topic>CHARGED-PARTICLE REACTIONS</topic><topic>DETECTION</topic><topic>DEUTERIUM TARGET</topic><topic>DEUTERON REACTIONS</topic><topic>ELEMENTARY PARTICLES</topic><topic>ELEMENTS</topic><topic>ENERGY RANGE</topic><topic>EVEN-EVEN NUCLEI</topic><topic>EVEN-ODD NUCLEI</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>FERMIONS</topic><topic>FUSION YIELD</topic><topic>HADRONS</topic><topic>HEAVY ION FUSION REACTIONS</topic><topic>HELIUM 3</topic><topic>HELIUM 4</topic><topic>HELIUM ISOTOPES</topic><topic>INDIUM</topic><topic>INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY</topic><topic>ISOTOPES</topic><topic>KEV RANGE</topic><topic>KEV RANGE 100-1000</topic><topic>LIGHT NUCLEI</topic><topic>LINEAR PINCH DEVICES</topic><topic>LINEAR Z PINCH DEVICES</topic><topic>MEASURING INSTRUMENTS</topic><topic>METALS</topic><topic>NEUTRON DETECTION</topic><topic>NEUTRON DETECTORS</topic><topic>NEUTRON FLUX</topic><topic>NEUTRONS</topic><topic>NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS</topic><topic>NUCLEAR REACTION YIELD</topic><topic>NUCLEAR REACTIONS</topic><topic>NUCLEI</topic><topic>NUCLEONS</topic><topic>OPEN PLASMA DEVICES</topic><topic>Physics</topic><topic>Physics of gases, plasmas and electric discharges</topic><topic>Physics of plasmas and electric discharges</topic><topic>PINCH DEVICES</topic><topic>Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation</topic><topic>PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS</topic><topic>RADIATION DETECTION</topic><topic>RADIATION DETECTORS</topic><topic>RADIATION FLUX</topic><topic>STABLE ISOTOPES</topic><topic>TARGETS</topic><topic>THERMONUCLEAR DEVICES</topic><topic>TRITIUM TARGET</topic><topic>YIELDS</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ruiz, C. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leeper, R. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmidlapp, F. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cooper, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Malbrough, D. J.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Review of Scientific Instruments</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ruiz, C. L.</au><au>Leeper, R. J.</au><au>Schmidlapp, F. A.</au><au>Cooper, G.</au><au>Malbrough, D. J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Absolute calibration of a total yield indium activation detector for DD and DT neutrons</atitle><jtitle>Review of Scientific Instruments</jtitle><date>1992-10-01</date><risdate>1992</risdate><volume>63</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>4889</spage><epage>4891</epage><pages>4889-4891</pages><issn>0034-6748</issn><eissn>1089-7623</eissn><coden>RSINAK</coden><abstract>Progress in Z‐pinch experiments at Sandia’s Saturn facility have underscored a need for an absolute yield measurement for DD fusion neutrons. The technique chosen for making this absolute yield measurement was neutron activation of indium metal samples. To calibrate the technique, a 175‐keV deuteron beam was allowed to impinge on a 3.0‐μm‐thick erbium deuteride target, producing neutrons through the 2H(d,n)3He fusion reaction. The neutron flux produced at 0° and incident on nominal 5‐g indium samples was determined by the associated particle method. This method employed protons measured from the 2H(d,p)3H reaction to infer the neutron flux produced. After neutron irradiation, the activity of the indium samples was measured with a Ge gamma‐ray detector. The total activity of the metastable state 115m
In (336.23 keV) was measured, compared with the total incident flux, and a calibration factor (indium counts/neutron/gram of indium) determined. For completeness, a calibration factor for DT neutrons from the 3H(d,n)4He fusion reaction was also obtained through the measured activity of the metastable state 114m
In(190.29 keV). The experiment and the measured calibration factors for both reactions are described in the paper.</abstract><cop>Woodbury, NY</cop><pub>American Institute of Physics</pub><doi>10.1063/1.1143541</doi><tpages>3</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0034-6748 |
| ispartof | Review of Scientific Instruments, 1992-10, Vol.63 (10), p.4889-4891 |
| issn | 0034-6748 1089-7623 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_crossref_primary_10_1063_1_1143541 |
| source | AIP Digital Archive |
| subjects | 440103 - Radiation Instrumentation- Nuclear Spectroscopic Instrumentation 663440 - D-, T-, & He-induced Reactions & Scattering- (1992-) 663510 - Nuclear Mass Ranges- A=1-5- (1992-) 70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY 700320 - Plasma Diagnostic Techniques & Instrumentation- (1992-) ACTIVATION DETECTORS BARYONS CALIBRATION CHARGED-PARTICLE REACTIONS DETECTION DEUTERIUM TARGET DEUTERON REACTIONS ELEMENTARY PARTICLES ELEMENTS ENERGY RANGE EVEN-EVEN NUCLEI EVEN-ODD NUCLEI Exact sciences and technology FERMIONS FUSION YIELD HADRONS HEAVY ION FUSION REACTIONS HELIUM 3 HELIUM 4 HELIUM ISOTOPES INDIUM INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISOTOPES KEV RANGE KEV RANGE 100-1000 LIGHT NUCLEI LINEAR PINCH DEVICES LINEAR Z PINCH DEVICES MEASURING INSTRUMENTS METALS NEUTRON DETECTION NEUTRON DETECTORS NEUTRON FLUX NEUTRONS NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS NUCLEAR REACTION YIELD NUCLEAR REACTIONS NUCLEI NUCLEONS OPEN PLASMA DEVICES Physics Physics of gases, plasmas and electric discharges Physics of plasmas and electric discharges PINCH DEVICES Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS RADIATION DETECTION RADIATION DETECTORS RADIATION FLUX STABLE ISOTOPES TARGETS THERMONUCLEAR DEVICES TRITIUM TARGET YIELDS |
| title | Absolute calibration of a total yield indium activation detector for DD and DT neutrons |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-19T16%3A11%3A42IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Absolute%20calibration%20of%20a%20total%20yield%20indium%20activation%20detector%20for%20DD%20and%20DT%20neutrons&rft.jtitle=Review%20of%20Scientific%20Instruments&rft.au=Ruiz,%20C.%20L.&rft.date=1992-10-01&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=10&rft.spage=4889&rft.epage=4891&rft.pages=4889-4891&rft.issn=0034-6748&rft.eissn=1089-7623&rft.coden=RSINAK&rft_id=info:doi/10.1063/1.1143541&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E25548544%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=25548544&rft_id=info:pmid/&rfr_iscdi=true |