Dual GLP-1/GIP Agonist Tirzepatide for Diabetes and Obesity: A Review of the Evidence

Background Tirzepatide is a novel dual glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) receptors agonist in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this literature review is to comprehensively assess its clinical, biochemical, and safety profiles. Materials and Methods Search was conducted in several databases including PubMed from drug inception through end of 2022. Publications relevant to tirzepatide including randomized controlled trials, meta-analysis studies, post-hoc analyses, and conference proceedings were identified to examine its profile. Additional necessary references were explored and included as needed. Results Tirzepatide is a twincretin, acting on both GLP-1 and GIP receptors. Its performance in glycemic control and weight loss was greater than that of GLP-1 receptor agonist or insulin, comparatively. It demonstrated promising positive renal outcomes and was not associated with a higher cardiovascular risk, in addition to favorable effects on lipid, hepatic and blood pressure profiles. Most common adverse events were gastrointestinal side effects and hypoglycemia. Conclusion Novel dual GLP-1/GIP agonist Tirzepatide shows superior efficacy in glycemic control and weight loss in T2 diabetes mellitus patients. More evidence is needed to explore and compare long-term cardiovascular and renal outcomes reflecting real-world clinical practice.