Uncovering the influence of mechanical properties on wave formation during high-velocity impact welding by numerical simulation

The formation of wavy interface is one of the distinctive features of high-velocity impact welding. It is known that the geometric parameters of waves (amplitude a and length λ) depend not only on the impact conditions, but also on the mechanical properties of the materials being welded. However, until now, the impact of mechanical properties on the formation of waves has only been explored in a limited number of studies. To address this issue, in this paper, we use extensively a numerical simulation. First, we demonstrate that the numerical model, in conjunction with the smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) solver, effectively replicates the outcomes of a carefully controlled high-velocity impact welding experiment. Secondly, based on the validated model, we conducted a systematic study of the influence of strength on the wave formation process. Using numerical simulations with Johnson-Cook and ideal elastic-plastic strength models, we show that various characteristics of strength have a profound influence on the wave formation process. Furthermore, it is crucial to consider not only the yield strength of a material, but also factors such as strain and strain-rate hardening, along with thermal softening, to fully understand the wave formation during high-velocity impact welding. [Display omitted] •Wave formation is the most intriguing phenomenon of high-velocity impact welding.•Formation of waves can be closely reproduced using numerical simulation.•The size of waves depends both on collision regimes and material properties.•The formation of waves is influenced by strain, strain-rate, and thermal effects.•High flow stress caused by material hardening can suppress formation of waves.