Multi-proxy investigations of Bronze Age diet and environment in the hyper-arid eastern Tarim Basin (Lop Nur), northwest China

Humans have a long history of occupying ecologically marginal regions, and the ancient cultural mechanisms of adaptation to these challenging environments remain poorly understood. We examine archaeological deposits from a Bronze Age settlement in the hyper-arid eastern Tarim Basin (Lop Nur), identifying well-preserved plant remains and bone fragments that shed light on the palaeodiet and past environmental setting. We use the newly developed peptide mass fingerprinting method of ZooMS (zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry) and TimsTOF MS (trapped ion mobility time of flight mass spectrometry) to identify fragments of ancient fish bones as Cyprinidae and possible Salmonidae, indicating both their consumption and the former presence of intra-settlement fresh water-bodies. Remains of littoral and aquatic plants attest to a marshy palaeo-delta at the confluence of the Tarim and Kongque rivers, testifying to a former biodiverse oasis in the Lop Desert when humans occupied the site. We conclude that the use of both aquatic and desert peripheral resources, combined with the intentional management of local environments, were all essential prehistoric adaptations. In addition, we show that radiocarbon dates of aquatic remains have an offset spanning hundreds to thousands of years, due to a freshwater reservoir effect, requiring careful consideration of ages for archaeological bones in the broader region. •A Bronze Age biodiverse oasis within the hyper-arid eastern Tarim Basin is suggested by remains of aquatic plants.•Fishing was a significant component of the prehistoric adaptations to the deserts of the Asian interior.•Radiocarbon dates within the desert region show an offset due to the freshwater reservoir effect.