Frequency memorizing shape morphing microstrip monopole antenna using hybrid programmable 3-dimensional printing

Four-dimensional printing is expected to help greatly assist many industries due to its unique ability to create self-morphing structures that react to external stimuli without human intervention. Nevertheless, it is currently limited to structural mechanics due to lacking integration with other technologies. In particular, the electronics industry strongly requires new materials for reconfigurable electronics since current active components have many drawbacks. This paper proposes frequency memorizing microstrip monopole antennas (MMAs) realized by hybrid programmable 3D printing using an inkjet to print onto shape morphing 3D printed material. Self-shape morphing electronics overcome limitations from passive structures or requiring additional morphing systems. Electromagnetic performance for the proposed hybrid-printed microstrip line was experimentally verified depending on the morphed shape (bent, wave, or twist). The proposed frequency memorizing MMA achieved 25.9 dB return loss at 3.43 GHz in the initial MMA (mode I). Resonance frequency reduced from 3.43 to 3.0 and 2.3 GHz for modes II and III, respectively. The programmed shape morphing MMA also successfully returned to the memorized initial stat, thus the MMA could provide functional and deployable systems with wireless connectivity in human inaccessible areas.