A Study of Extreme Water Waves Using a Hierarchy of Models Based on Potential-Flow Theory

The formation of extreme waves arising from the interaction of three line-solitons with equal far-field amplitudes is examined through a hierarchy of water-wave models. The Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation (KPE) is first used to prove analytically that its exact three-soliton solution has a ninefold maximum amplification that is achieved in the absence of spatial divergence. Reproducing this ninefold maximum paves the way for simulations based on both the Benney–Luke equations (BLE) and more advanced potential-flow equations (PFE). To preserve (for the sake of computations) the region of interaction, exact KPE solutions on an infinite domain are used to yield initial conditions that seed the BLE and PFE models within a periodic domain. The above strategies are realised by directly implementing the corresponding time-discretised variational principles within the finite-element environment Firedrake , one aim being automation of the generation of the algebraically cumbersome weak formulations. In the case of three-soliton interactions, it is found numerically that an amplification factor in the interval circa (7.6, 9) can be achieved within the BLE framework, whereas in the PFE framework, this falls to circa 7.8.