Therapeutic potential of curcumin in prostate cancer-IV: Interference with the osteomimetic properties of hormone refractory C4-2B prostate cancer cells

BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the stringent selective pressure imposed by androgen ablation therapy on the residual prostate cancer cells may actually accelerate the development of the hormone refractory and bone metastatic phenotype. The propensity of prostate cancer to establish osseous metastases is very likely mediated by the osteomimetic properties of the prostate cancer cells. Prostate cancer cells acquire these “bone‐like” properties in order to survive in the bony microenvironment. This process is facilitated by common growth factor trophisms between the bone stromal cells, osteoblasts, and the prostate cancer cells wherein a number of growth factors and their receptors are involved. Thus, a general inhibition of the tyrosine kinase signaling pathways may have a therapeutic advantage in interfering with the metastatic potential of these prostate cancer cells. This study focuses on the potential of curcumin, a plant based non‐toxic tyrosine kinase inhibitor in interfering with the development of bone like properties of C4‐2B, a highly metastatic derivative of LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. METHODS C4‐2B prostate cancer cells were analyzed for their constitutive expression and ligand inducible activation of growth factor receptors such as EGF‐R and CSF1‐R. Expression of bone‐specific transcription factors such as Cbfa‐1 and the production of PTHRP were followed. The ability of the C4‐2B cells to mineralize under specific conditions was analyzed. The activation status of the transcription factor NF‐κB was also followed. RESULTS Curcumin inhibited the ligand‐stimulated autophosphorylation of EGF‐R and CSF1‐R that were crucially involved in the development of osteomimetic properties of C4‐2B cells. When C4‐2B cells were grown under promineralization conditions, curcumin prevented the formation of the mineralized nodules. It also inhibited the expression of the core‐binding factor a‐1 in C4‐2B cells which was responsible for the expression of several bone‐specific proteins. The IKK activity was severely impaired, showing marked NF‐κB inhibition. The experiments indicate that curcumin can also interfere with the development of the osteoblast and the osteoclast‐like properties by these prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS The highly metastatic C4‐2B prostate cancer cell line is already “programmed” to exhibit the bone‐like properties that would at least in part explain its affinity to set up osseous metastases. Curcumin is able to interfere