Mixed convection hybrid nanoliquid flow over an exponentially stretching rough (smooth) surface with the impacts  of homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions

This paper explores the influence of homogeneous and heterogeneous (surface) reactions in the mixed convection flow of hybrid nanoliquid (Cu–Fe3O4/water) over an exponentially stretching surface. In this analysis, we have considered chemical species of unequal diffusivity. In spite of this, the effects of surface roughness and surface mass transfer are also included in the analysis. The numerical solutions to the transformed governing equations of the physical problem have been obtained by employing the implicit finite difference method and the quasilinearization technique. The numerical results for drag coefficient and rate of transfer of heat, along with various profiles such as velocity, temperature, and species concentrations, for some appropriate parameters are displayed by graphs and tables. The rate of transfer of heat from rough (smooth) surfaces to the liquid in the case of hybrid nanoliquid is found to be greater as compared to the nanoliquid (Fe3O4/water) and base liquid (water). Where as, opposite trend is observed for skin friction co–efficient. The influence of heterogeneous reaction on the reactant (bulk liquid) is found to be significantly high as compared to the homogeneous reaction in the regime of the boundary layer. The obtained numerical outcomes are compared with those of earlier literature and are found to be in good agreement.