Integrated Economic and Physical Information for Environmental Footprint Modelling
Whether inspired by motives of fair attribution of environmental responsibilities or the search for the most effective scheme for market driven emission abatements, reliable analyses of the environmental consequences of consumption is sought after by policymakers, researchers and the environmentally...
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| creator | Steen-Olsen, Kjartan |
| description | Whether inspired by motives of fair attribution of environmental responsibilities or
the search for the most effective scheme for market driven emission abatements,
reliable analyses of the environmental consequences of consumption is sought
after by policymakers, researchers and the environmentally concerned citizen alike.
A solid framework for such analyses exists in the form of input-output analysis,
though such analyses have not been as widespread as their potential usefulness
and pertinence might suggest. Following the ascent of environmental issues as a
central item on the agenda even in top-level international policy negotiations, and
facilitated by advances in modeling and computational capabilities, recent years
have seen an increased focus on the development and application of
comprehensive global input-output models for environmental assessments. The
work presented here is an attempt to capitalize on the present suite of available
global input-output databases to assess environmental pressures embodied in
consumed goods and services, commonly referred to as environmental footprints
of consumption, and discuss the reliability of the databases through a comparative
assessment.
By extending the economic input-output models with environmental data,
environmental flows, either directly or virtually embodied in products, can be
tracked through the economy as it is modeled in the input-output system. In my
PhD work, presented herein in the form of four resulting scientific papers, I have
contributed to extending and adapting a global model with supplementary data to
allow improved analyses of environmental pressures embodied in traded and
consumed products, and to assessing a group of global models.
For a large-scale assessment of global flows of embodied land and water use, we
combined data from the comprehensive FAO database on worldwide production
and trade of agricultural and forestry products with a global multiregional inputoutput
model. The more detailed representation of these products types, which
are the ones that mostly contribute toward land and water use embodied in
consumption, allowed increased accuracy in the modeling of these footprint types.
Using this improved model to assess carbon, land and water footprints for each of
the EU member states, we found EU average footprints per capita of 13.3 tons of
CO2 equivalents, 2.53 hectares of world-average bioproductive land, and 179 m3 of
consumed surface and ground freshwater for 2004. A fur |
| format | Dissertation |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>cristin_3HK</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_cristin_nora_11250_282407</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>11250_282407</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-cristin_nora_11250_2824073</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNikEKwjAQAHPxIOof9gNCGxW9S4o9CCLeQ0jSupDuymYR_L09-ABPMzCzNPeeNI8SNCdwkYknjBAowe35qRhDgZ4GlikoMsFs4OiNwjRl0rl2zPoSJIUrp1wK0rg2iyGUmjc_rgx07nG-bKNgVSRPLMG3rT003p7svjnu_li-xKY3pA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>dissertation</recordtype></control><display><type>dissertation</type><title>Integrated Economic and Physical Information for Environmental Footprint Modelling</title><source>NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives</source><creator>Steen-Olsen, Kjartan</creator><creatorcontrib>Steen-Olsen, Kjartan</creatorcontrib><description>Whether inspired by motives of fair attribution of environmental responsibilities or
the search for the most effective scheme for market driven emission abatements,
reliable analyses of the environmental consequences of consumption is sought
after by policymakers, researchers and the environmentally concerned citizen alike.
A solid framework for such analyses exists in the form of input-output analysis,
though such analyses have not been as widespread as their potential usefulness
and pertinence might suggest. Following the ascent of environmental issues as a
central item on the agenda even in top-level international policy negotiations, and
facilitated by advances in modeling and computational capabilities, recent years
have seen an increased focus on the development and application of
comprehensive global input-output models for environmental assessments. The
work presented here is an attempt to capitalize on the present suite of available
global input-output databases to assess environmental pressures embodied in
consumed goods and services, commonly referred to as environmental footprints
of consumption, and discuss the reliability of the databases through a comparative
assessment.
By extending the economic input-output models with environmental data,
environmental flows, either directly or virtually embodied in products, can be
tracked through the economy as it is modeled in the input-output system. In my
PhD work, presented herein in the form of four resulting scientific papers, I have
contributed to extending and adapting a global model with supplementary data to
allow improved analyses of environmental pressures embodied in traded and
consumed products, and to assessing a group of global models.
For a large-scale assessment of global flows of embodied land and water use, we
combined data from the comprehensive FAO database on worldwide production
and trade of agricultural and forestry products with a global multiregional inputoutput
model. The more detailed representation of these products types, which
are the ones that mostly contribute toward land and water use embodied in
consumption, allowed increased accuracy in the modeling of these footprint types.
Using this improved model to assess carbon, land and water footprints for each of
the EU member states, we found EU average footprints per capita of 13.3 tons of
CO2 equivalents, 2.53 hectares of world-average bioproductive land, and 179 m3 of
consumed surface and ground freshwater for 2004. A further contribution analysis
revealed the EU to be a net importer of all these environmental pressures
embodied in traded products; however, there was also large such flows internally among EU countries, with some countries having large net exports or imports with
fellow EU countries.
In a further investigation of the potential for using global multiregional inputoutput
models to assess environmental footprints even at the micro level, we
extended one such model with data from the Norwegian consumer expenditure
survey to allow a detailed assessment of the carbon footprint of Norwegian
households from 1999 to 2012. We found a carbon footprint of 22.3 tons of CO2
equivalents for the average Norwegian household in 2012, which was an increase
of 26% since 1999. We put particular emphasis on documenting in a transparent
manner the approach taken to harmonize these two datasets, so as to facilitate
similar analyses for other countries, even by non-specialists, and to encourage
further improvements to this method towards a common standard. The emphasis
on a didactic approach was based on the rationale that an understanding of the
extent and nature of environmental footprints of consumed products is vital in
order to design efficient consumer-oriented emissions reductions strategies, and
the recognition that detailed consumer expenditure surveys are already available in
most countries, following a standard statistical framework.
In addition to these model extensions and associated footprint assessments, we
have worked on assessing the reliability of the input-output databases themselves.
Firstly, from the availability of several global multiregional input-output models
arose the question as to whether they all coherently model the global economic
structure. To give a first, tentative answer to this, we performed a comparative
analysis of some macro indicators based on value added embodied in consumption,
by first harmonizing three of the most important multiregional input-output
databases currently available to a common framework. The comparison of gross
value added embodied in the consumption of countries or of products showed
significant differences even at the aggregate level. However, this observed
disagreement was coherent to that found in the territorial accounts, suggesting
that the most important contributor to model disagreement is in the value added
accounts themselves.
Furthermore, we addressed the potential importance of the well-known limitation
of limited product detail in input-output systems. We evaluated the accuracy of
carbon footprint multipliers of individual input-output products by analyzing the
sensitivity of such multipliers to the level of product detail in the model. This effect
was evaluated by assessing, for four global models individually, how carbon
multipliers react to aggregation of the input-output system. Throughout, the analysis showed carbon multipliers to be highly sensitive to reduced model detail,
even if models are able to give reasonable overall footprint results.
Environmentally extended multiregional input-output analysis is a powerful tool
that can provide important contributions to international as well as regional policy
debates on a range of environmental challenges. Through recent collaborative
research efforts these databases are now so detailed and extensive that
comprehensive assessments can be made of international supply chains. Though
input-output tables may never be perfect, the input-output community has some
way to go still in terms of improving the sectoral detail and data foundation
underlying the models.</description><language>eng</language><publisher>NTNU</publisher><ispartof>Doctoral thesis at NTNU, 2015</ispartof><rights>info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess</rights><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,311,776,881,4038,26544</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttp://hdl.handle.net/11250/282407$$EView_record_in_NORA$$FView_record_in_$$GNORA$$Hfree_for_read</linktorsrc></links><search><creatorcontrib>Steen-Olsen, Kjartan</creatorcontrib><title>Integrated Economic and Physical Information for Environmental Footprint Modelling</title><title>Doctoral thesis at NTNU</title><description>Whether inspired by motives of fair attribution of environmental responsibilities or
the search for the most effective scheme for market driven emission abatements,
reliable analyses of the environmental consequences of consumption is sought
after by policymakers, researchers and the environmentally concerned citizen alike.
A solid framework for such analyses exists in the form of input-output analysis,
though such analyses have not been as widespread as their potential usefulness
and pertinence might suggest. Following the ascent of environmental issues as a
central item on the agenda even in top-level international policy negotiations, and
facilitated by advances in modeling and computational capabilities, recent years
have seen an increased focus on the development and application of
comprehensive global input-output models for environmental assessments. The
work presented here is an attempt to capitalize on the present suite of available
global input-output databases to assess environmental pressures embodied in
consumed goods and services, commonly referred to as environmental footprints
of consumption, and discuss the reliability of the databases through a comparative
assessment.
By extending the economic input-output models with environmental data,
environmental flows, either directly or virtually embodied in products, can be
tracked through the economy as it is modeled in the input-output system. In my
PhD work, presented herein in the form of four resulting scientific papers, I have
contributed to extending and adapting a global model with supplementary data to
allow improved analyses of environmental pressures embodied in traded and
consumed products, and to assessing a group of global models.
For a large-scale assessment of global flows of embodied land and water use, we
combined data from the comprehensive FAO database on worldwide production
and trade of agricultural and forestry products with a global multiregional inputoutput
model. The more detailed representation of these products types, which
are the ones that mostly contribute toward land and water use embodied in
consumption, allowed increased accuracy in the modeling of these footprint types.
Using this improved model to assess carbon, land and water footprints for each of
the EU member states, we found EU average footprints per capita of 13.3 tons of
CO2 equivalents, 2.53 hectares of world-average bioproductive land, and 179 m3 of
consumed surface and ground freshwater for 2004. A further contribution analysis
revealed the EU to be a net importer of all these environmental pressures
embodied in traded products; however, there was also large such flows internally among EU countries, with some countries having large net exports or imports with
fellow EU countries.
In a further investigation of the potential for using global multiregional inputoutput
models to assess environmental footprints even at the micro level, we
extended one such model with data from the Norwegian consumer expenditure
survey to allow a detailed assessment of the carbon footprint of Norwegian
households from 1999 to 2012. We found a carbon footprint of 22.3 tons of CO2
equivalents for the average Norwegian household in 2012, which was an increase
of 26% since 1999. We put particular emphasis on documenting in a transparent
manner the approach taken to harmonize these two datasets, so as to facilitate
similar analyses for other countries, even by non-specialists, and to encourage
further improvements to this method towards a common standard. The emphasis
on a didactic approach was based on the rationale that an understanding of the
extent and nature of environmental footprints of consumed products is vital in
order to design efficient consumer-oriented emissions reductions strategies, and
the recognition that detailed consumer expenditure surveys are already available in
most countries, following a standard statistical framework.
In addition to these model extensions and associated footprint assessments, we
have worked on assessing the reliability of the input-output databases themselves.
Firstly, from the availability of several global multiregional input-output models
arose the question as to whether they all coherently model the global economic
structure. To give a first, tentative answer to this, we performed a comparative
analysis of some macro indicators based on value added embodied in consumption,
by first harmonizing three of the most important multiregional input-output
databases currently available to a common framework. The comparison of gross
value added embodied in the consumption of countries or of products showed
significant differences even at the aggregate level. However, this observed
disagreement was coherent to that found in the territorial accounts, suggesting
that the most important contributor to model disagreement is in the value added
accounts themselves.
Furthermore, we addressed the potential importance of the well-known limitation
of limited product detail in input-output systems. We evaluated the accuracy of
carbon footprint multipliers of individual input-output products by analyzing the
sensitivity of such multipliers to the level of product detail in the model. This effect
was evaluated by assessing, for four global models individually, how carbon
multipliers react to aggregation of the input-output system. Throughout, the analysis showed carbon multipliers to be highly sensitive to reduced model detail,
even if models are able to give reasonable overall footprint results.
Environmentally extended multiregional input-output analysis is a powerful tool
that can provide important contributions to international as well as regional policy
debates on a range of environmental challenges. Through recent collaborative
research efforts these databases are now so detailed and extensive that
comprehensive assessments can be made of international supply chains. Though
input-output tables may never be perfect, the input-output community has some
way to go still in terms of improving the sectoral detail and data foundation
underlying the models.</description><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>dissertation</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>dissertation</recordtype><sourceid>3HK</sourceid><recordid>eNqNikEKwjAQAHPxIOof9gNCGxW9S4o9CCLeQ0jSupDuymYR_L09-ABPMzCzNPeeNI8SNCdwkYknjBAowe35qRhDgZ4GlikoMsFs4OiNwjRl0rl2zPoSJIUrp1wK0rg2iyGUmjc_rgx07nG-bKNgVSRPLMG3rT003p7svjnu_li-xKY3pA</recordid><startdate>2015</startdate><enddate>2015</enddate><creator>Steen-Olsen, Kjartan</creator><general>NTNU</general><scope>3HK</scope></search><sort><creationdate>2015</creationdate><title>Integrated Economic and Physical Information for Environmental Footprint Modelling</title><author>Steen-Olsen, Kjartan</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-cristin_nora_11250_2824073</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>dissertations</rsrctype><prefilter>dissertations</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Steen-Olsen, Kjartan</creatorcontrib><collection>NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives</collection></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Steen-Olsen, Kjartan</au><format>dissertation</format><genre>dissertation</genre><ristype>THES</ristype><atitle>Integrated Economic and Physical Information for Environmental Footprint Modelling</atitle><btitle>Doctoral thesis at NTNU</btitle><date>2015</date><risdate>2015</risdate><abstract>Whether inspired by motives of fair attribution of environmental responsibilities or
the search for the most effective scheme for market driven emission abatements,
reliable analyses of the environmental consequences of consumption is sought
after by policymakers, researchers and the environmentally concerned citizen alike.
A solid framework for such analyses exists in the form of input-output analysis,
though such analyses have not been as widespread as their potential usefulness
and pertinence might suggest. Following the ascent of environmental issues as a
central item on the agenda even in top-level international policy negotiations, and
facilitated by advances in modeling and computational capabilities, recent years
have seen an increased focus on the development and application of
comprehensive global input-output models for environmental assessments. The
work presented here is an attempt to capitalize on the present suite of available
global input-output databases to assess environmental pressures embodied in
consumed goods and services, commonly referred to as environmental footprints
of consumption, and discuss the reliability of the databases through a comparative
assessment.
By extending the economic input-output models with environmental data,
environmental flows, either directly or virtually embodied in products, can be
tracked through the economy as it is modeled in the input-output system. In my
PhD work, presented herein in the form of four resulting scientific papers, I have
contributed to extending and adapting a global model with supplementary data to
allow improved analyses of environmental pressures embodied in traded and
consumed products, and to assessing a group of global models.
For a large-scale assessment of global flows of embodied land and water use, we
combined data from the comprehensive FAO database on worldwide production
and trade of agricultural and forestry products with a global multiregional inputoutput
model. The more detailed representation of these products types, which
are the ones that mostly contribute toward land and water use embodied in
consumption, allowed increased accuracy in the modeling of these footprint types.
Using this improved model to assess carbon, land and water footprints for each of
the EU member states, we found EU average footprints per capita of 13.3 tons of
CO2 equivalents, 2.53 hectares of world-average bioproductive land, and 179 m3 of
consumed surface and ground freshwater for 2004. A further contribution analysis
revealed the EU to be a net importer of all these environmental pressures
embodied in traded products; however, there was also large such flows internally among EU countries, with some countries having large net exports or imports with
fellow EU countries.
In a further investigation of the potential for using global multiregional inputoutput
models to assess environmental footprints even at the micro level, we
extended one such model with data from the Norwegian consumer expenditure
survey to allow a detailed assessment of the carbon footprint of Norwegian
households from 1999 to 2012. We found a carbon footprint of 22.3 tons of CO2
equivalents for the average Norwegian household in 2012, which was an increase
of 26% since 1999. We put particular emphasis on documenting in a transparent
manner the approach taken to harmonize these two datasets, so as to facilitate
similar analyses for other countries, even by non-specialists, and to encourage
further improvements to this method towards a common standard. The emphasis
on a didactic approach was based on the rationale that an understanding of the
extent and nature of environmental footprints of consumed products is vital in
order to design efficient consumer-oriented emissions reductions strategies, and
the recognition that detailed consumer expenditure surveys are already available in
most countries, following a standard statistical framework.
In addition to these model extensions and associated footprint assessments, we
have worked on assessing the reliability of the input-output databases themselves.
Firstly, from the availability of several global multiregional input-output models
arose the question as to whether they all coherently model the global economic
structure. To give a first, tentative answer to this, we performed a comparative
analysis of some macro indicators based on value added embodied in consumption,
by first harmonizing three of the most important multiregional input-output
databases currently available to a common framework. The comparison of gross
value added embodied in the consumption of countries or of products showed
significant differences even at the aggregate level. However, this observed
disagreement was coherent to that found in the territorial accounts, suggesting
that the most important contributor to model disagreement is in the value added
accounts themselves.
Furthermore, we addressed the potential importance of the well-known limitation
of limited product detail in input-output systems. We evaluated the accuracy of
carbon footprint multipliers of individual input-output products by analyzing the
sensitivity of such multipliers to the level of product detail in the model. This effect
was evaluated by assessing, for four global models individually, how carbon
multipliers react to aggregation of the input-output system. Throughout, the analysis showed carbon multipliers to be highly sensitive to reduced model detail,
even if models are able to give reasonable overall footprint results.
Environmentally extended multiregional input-output analysis is a powerful tool
that can provide important contributions to international as well as regional policy
debates on a range of environmental challenges. Through recent collaborative
research efforts these databases are now so detailed and extensive that
comprehensive assessments can be made of international supply chains. Though
input-output tables may never be perfect, the input-output community has some
way to go still in terms of improving the sectoral detail and data foundation
underlying the models.</abstract><pub>NTNU</pub><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Doctoral thesis at NTNU, 2015 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives |
| title | Integrated Economic and Physical Information for Environmental Footprint Modelling |
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