Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018
The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in recent decades1,2, and it is expected to continue to be so3. Although increases in glacier flow4,5,6 and surface melting7,8,9 have been driven by oceanic10,11,12 and atmospheric13,14 warming, the magnitude and trajector...
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| creator | Shepherd, Andrew Ivins, Erik Rignot, Eric Smith, Ben Van Den Broeke, Michiel Velicogna, Isabella Whitehouse, Pippa Briggs, Kate Joughin, Ian Krinner, Gerhard Nowicki, Sophie Payne, Tony Scambos, Ted Schlegel, Nicole Geruo, A Agosta, Cécile Ahlstrøm, Andreas Babonis, Greg Barletta, Valentina Bjørk, Anders A Blazquez, Alejandro Bonin, Jennifer Colgan, William Csatho, Beata Cullather, Richard Engdahl, Marcus E Felikson, Denis Fettweis, Xavier Forsberg, Rene Hogg, Anna E Hubert, Gallee Gardner, Alex Gilbert, Lin Gourmelen, Noel Groh, Andreas Gunter, Brian Hanna, Edward Harig, Christopher Helm, Veit Horvath, Alexander Horwath, Martin Khan, Shfaqat Kjeldsen, Kristian K Hannes, Konrad Langen, Peter L Lecavalier, Benoit Loomis, Bryant Luthcke, Scott McMillan, Malcolm Melini, Daniele Mernild, Jacob Sebastian Haugaard Mohajerani, Yara Moore, Philip Mottam, Ruth Mouginot, Jérémie Moyano, Gorka Muir, Alan Nagler, Thomas Nield, Grace Nilsson, Johan Noel, Brice Otosaka, Ines Pattle, Mark E Peltier, Richard W Pie, Nadège Rietbroek, Roelof Rott, Helmut Sørensen, Louise Sandberg Sasgen, Ingo Save, Himanshu Scheuchl, Bernd Schrama, Ernst Schröder, Ludwig Seo, Ki-Weon Simonsen, Sebastian B Slater, Thomas Spada, Giorgio Sutterley, Tyler Talpe, Matthieu Tarasov, Lev Willem, Jan van de Berg Van Der Wal, Wouter Van Wessem, Melchior Vishwakarma, Barmha Dutt Wiese, David Wilton, David Wagner, Thomas Wouters, Bert Wuite, Jan |
| description | The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in recent decades1,2, and it is expected to continue to be so3. Although increases in glacier flow4,5,6 and surface melting7,8,9 have been driven by oceanic10,11,12 and atmospheric13,14 warming, the magnitude and trajectory of the ice sheet’s mass imbalance remain uncertain. Here we compare and combine 26 individual satellite measurements of changes in the ice sheet’s volume, flow and gravitational potential to produce a reconciled estimate of its mass balance. The ice sheet was close to a state of balance in the 1990s, but annual losses have risen since then, peaking at 345 ± 66 billion tonnes per year in 2011. In all, Greenland lost 3,902 ± 342 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2018, causing the mean sea level to rise by 10.8 ± 0.9 millimetres. Using three regional climate models, we show that the reduced surface mass balance has driven 1,964 ± 565 billion tonnes (50.3 per cent) of the ice loss owing to increased meltwater runoff. The remaining 1,938 ± 541 billion tonnes (49.7 per cent) of ice loss was due to increased glacier dynamical imbalance, which rose from 46 ± 37 billion tonnes per year in the 1990s to 87 ± 25 billion tonnes per year since then. The total rate of ice loss slowed to 222 ± 30 billion tonnes per year between 2013 and 2017, on average, as atmospheric circulation favoured cooler conditions15 and ocean temperatures fell at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ16. Cumulative ice losses from Greenland as a whole have been close to the rates predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for their high-end climate warming scenario17, which forecast an additional 70 to 130 millimetres of global sea-level rise by 2100 compared with their central estimate. |
| format | Article |
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Although increases in glacier flow4,5,6 and surface melting7,8,9 have been driven by oceanic10,11,12 and atmospheric13,14 warming, the magnitude and trajectory of the ice sheet’s mass imbalance remain uncertain. Here we compare and combine 26 individual satellite measurements of changes in the ice sheet’s volume, flow and gravitational potential to produce a reconciled estimate of its mass balance. The ice sheet was close to a state of balance in the 1990s, but annual losses have risen since then, peaking at 345 ± 66 billion tonnes per year in 2011. In all, Greenland lost 3,902 ± 342 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2018, causing the mean sea level to rise by 10.8 ± 0.9 millimetres. Using three regional climate models, we show that the reduced surface mass balance has driven 1,964 ± 565 billion tonnes (50.3 per cent) of the ice loss owing to increased meltwater runoff. The remaining 1,938 ± 541 billion tonnes (49.7 per cent) of ice loss was due to increased glacier dynamical imbalance, which rose from 46 ± 37 billion tonnes per year in the 1990s to 87 ± 25 billion tonnes per year since then. The total rate of ice loss slowed to 222 ± 30 billion tonnes per year between 2013 and 2017, on average, as atmospheric circulation favoured cooler conditions15 and ocean temperatures fell at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ16. Cumulative ice losses from Greenland as a whole have been close to the rates predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for their high-end climate warming scenario17, which forecast an additional 70 to 130 millimetres of global sea-level rise by 2100 compared with their central estimate.</description><language>eng</language><publisher>Nature Research</publisher><creationdate>2019</creationdate><rights>info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess</rights><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,780,885,26567</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttp://hdl.handle.net/11250/2759271$$EView_record_in_NORA$$FView_record_in_$$GNORA$$Hfree_for_read</linktorsrc></links><search><creatorcontrib>Shepherd, Andrew</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ivins, Erik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rignot, Eric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, Ben</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van Den Broeke, Michiel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Velicogna, Isabella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whitehouse, Pippa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Briggs, Kate</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Joughin, Ian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krinner, Gerhard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nowicki, Sophie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Payne, Tony</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scambos, Ted</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schlegel, Nicole</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Geruo, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Agosta, Cécile</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahlstrøm, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Babonis, Greg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barletta, Valentina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bjørk, Anders A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blazquez, Alejandro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bonin, Jennifer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Colgan, William</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Csatho, Beata</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cullather, Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engdahl, Marcus E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Felikson, Denis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fettweis, Xavier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Forsberg, Rene</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hogg, Anna E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hubert, Gallee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gardner, Alex</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gilbert, Lin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gourmelen, Noel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Groh, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gunter, Brian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hanna, Edward</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harig, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Helm, Veit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Horvath, Alexander</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Horwath, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, Shfaqat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kjeldsen, Kristian K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hannes, Konrad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Langen, Peter L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lecavalier, Benoit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Loomis, Bryant</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luthcke, Scott</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McMillan, Malcolm</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Melini, Daniele</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mernild, Jacob Sebastian Haugaard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mohajerani, Yara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moore, Philip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mottam, Ruth</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mouginot, Jérémie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moyano, Gorka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muir, Alan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nagler, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nield, Grace</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nilsson, Johan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noel, Brice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Otosaka, Ines</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pattle, Mark E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peltier, Richard W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pie, Nadège</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rietbroek, Roelof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rott, Helmut</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sørensen, Louise Sandberg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sasgen, Ingo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Save, Himanshu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scheuchl, Bernd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schrama, Ernst</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schröder, Ludwig</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seo, Ki-Weon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simonsen, Sebastian B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Slater, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spada, Giorgio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sutterley, Tyler</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Talpe, Matthieu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tarasov, Lev</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Willem, Jan van de Berg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van Der Wal, Wouter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van Wessem, Melchior</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vishwakarma, Barmha Dutt</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wiese, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wilton, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wagner, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wouters, Bert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wuite, Jan</creatorcontrib><title>Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018</title><description>The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in recent decades1,2, and it is expected to continue to be so3. Although increases in glacier flow4,5,6 and surface melting7,8,9 have been driven by oceanic10,11,12 and atmospheric13,14 warming, the magnitude and trajectory of the ice sheet’s mass imbalance remain uncertain. Here we compare and combine 26 individual satellite measurements of changes in the ice sheet’s volume, flow and gravitational potential to produce a reconciled estimate of its mass balance. The ice sheet was close to a state of balance in the 1990s, but annual losses have risen since then, peaking at 345 ± 66 billion tonnes per year in 2011. In all, Greenland lost 3,902 ± 342 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2018, causing the mean sea level to rise by 10.8 ± 0.9 millimetres. Using three regional climate models, we show that the reduced surface mass balance has driven 1,964 ± 565 billion tonnes (50.3 per cent) of the ice loss owing to increased meltwater runoff. The remaining 1,938 ± 541 billion tonnes (49.7 per cent) of ice loss was due to increased glacier dynamical imbalance, which rose from 46 ± 37 billion tonnes per year in the 1990s to 87 ± 25 billion tonnes per year since then. The total rate of ice loss slowed to 222 ± 30 billion tonnes per year between 2013 and 2017, on average, as atmospheric circulation favoured cooler conditions15 and ocean temperatures fell at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ16. Cumulative ice losses from Greenland as a whole have been close to the rates predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for their high-end climate warming scenario17, which forecast an additional 70 to 130 millimetres of global sea-level rise by 2100 compared with their central estimate.</description><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>3HK</sourceid><recordid>eNrjZLD0TSwuVkhKzEnMS05VyE9TKMlIVXAvSk3NA4qkKHgCBYMzUlNLFNKK8nMVDC0tjRRK8hWMDAwteBhY0xJzilN5oTQ3g6Kba4izh25yUWZxSWZefF5-UWK8oaGRqUG8kbmppZG5oTExagD6OStP</recordid><startdate>2019</startdate><enddate>2019</enddate><creator>Shepherd, Andrew</creator><creator>Ivins, Erik</creator><creator>Rignot, Eric</creator><creator>Smith, Ben</creator><creator>Van Den Broeke, Michiel</creator><creator>Velicogna, Isabella</creator><creator>Whitehouse, Pippa</creator><creator>Briggs, Kate</creator><creator>Joughin, 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Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engdahl, Marcus E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Felikson, Denis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fettweis, Xavier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Forsberg, Rene</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hogg, Anna E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hubert, Gallee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gardner, Alex</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gilbert, Lin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gourmelen, Noel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Groh, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gunter, Brian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hanna, Edward</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harig, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Helm, Veit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Horvath, Alexander</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Horwath, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, Shfaqat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kjeldsen, Kristian K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hannes, Konrad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Langen, Peter L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lecavalier, Benoit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Loomis, Bryant</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luthcke, Scott</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McMillan, Malcolm</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Melini, Daniele</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mernild, Jacob Sebastian Haugaard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mohajerani, Yara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moore, Philip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mottam, Ruth</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mouginot, Jérémie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moyano, Gorka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muir, Alan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nagler, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nield, Grace</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nilsson, Johan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noel, Brice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Otosaka, Ines</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pattle, Mark E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peltier, Richard W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pie, Nadège</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rietbroek, Roelof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rott, Helmut</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sørensen, Louise Sandberg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sasgen, Ingo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Save, Himanshu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scheuchl, Bernd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schrama, Ernst</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schröder, Ludwig</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seo, Ki-Weon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simonsen, Sebastian B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Slater, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spada, Giorgio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sutterley, Tyler</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Talpe, Matthieu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tarasov, Lev</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Willem, Jan van de Berg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van Der Wal, Wouter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van Wessem, Melchior</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vishwakarma, Barmha Dutt</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wiese, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wilton, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wagner, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wouters, Bert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wuite, Jan</creatorcontrib><collection>NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives</collection></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Shepherd, Andrew</au><au>Ivins, Erik</au><au>Rignot, Eric</au><au>Smith, Ben</au><au>Van Den Broeke, Michiel</au><au>Velicogna, Isabella</au><au>Whitehouse, Pippa</au><au>Briggs, Kate</au><au>Joughin, Ian</au><au>Krinner, Gerhard</au><au>Nowicki, Sophie</au><au>Payne, Tony</au><au>Scambos, Ted</au><au>Schlegel, Nicole</au><au>Geruo, A</au><au>Agosta, Cécile</au><au>Ahlstrøm, Andreas</au><au>Babonis, Greg</au><au>Barletta, Valentina</au><au>Bjørk, Anders A</au><au>Blazquez, Alejandro</au><au>Bonin, Jennifer</au><au>Colgan, William</au><au>Csatho, Beata</au><au>Cullather, Richard</au><au>Engdahl, Marcus E</au><au>Felikson, Denis</au><au>Fettweis, Xavier</au><au>Forsberg, Rene</au><au>Hogg, Anna E</au><au>Hubert, Gallee</au><au>Gardner, Alex</au><au>Gilbert, Lin</au><au>Gourmelen, Noel</au><au>Groh, Andreas</au><au>Gunter, Brian</au><au>Hanna, Edward</au><au>Harig, Christopher</au><au>Helm, Veit</au><au>Horvath, Alexander</au><au>Horwath, Martin</au><au>Khan, Shfaqat</au><au>Kjeldsen, Kristian K</au><au>Hannes, Konrad</au><au>Langen, Peter L</au><au>Lecavalier, Benoit</au><au>Loomis, Bryant</au><au>Luthcke, Scott</au><au>McMillan, Malcolm</au><au>Melini, Daniele</au><au>Mernild, Jacob Sebastian Haugaard</au><au>Mohajerani, Yara</au><au>Moore, Philip</au><au>Mottam, Ruth</au><au>Mouginot, Jérémie</au><au>Moyano, Gorka</au><au>Muir, Alan</au><au>Nagler, Thomas</au><au>Nield, Grace</au><au>Nilsson, Johan</au><au>Noel, Brice</au><au>Otosaka, Ines</au><au>Pattle, Mark E</au><au>Peltier, Richard W</au><au>Pie, Nadège</au><au>Rietbroek, Roelof</au><au>Rott, Helmut</au><au>Sørensen, Louise Sandberg</au><au>Sasgen, Ingo</au><au>Save, Himanshu</au><au>Scheuchl, Bernd</au><au>Schrama, Ernst</au><au>Schröder, Ludwig</au><au>Seo, Ki-Weon</au><au>Simonsen, Sebastian B</au><au>Slater, Thomas</au><au>Spada, Giorgio</au><au>Sutterley, Tyler</au><au>Talpe, Matthieu</au><au>Tarasov, Lev</au><au>Willem, Jan van de Berg</au><au>Van Der Wal, Wouter</au><au>Van Wessem, Melchior</au><au>Vishwakarma, Barmha Dutt</au><au>Wiese, David</au><au>Wilton, David</au><au>Wagner, Thomas</au><au>Wouters, Bert</au><au>Wuite, Jan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018</atitle><date>2019</date><risdate>2019</risdate><abstract>The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in recent decades1,2, and it is expected to continue to be so3. Although increases in glacier flow4,5,6 and surface melting7,8,9 have been driven by oceanic10,11,12 and atmospheric13,14 warming, the magnitude and trajectory of the ice sheet’s mass imbalance remain uncertain. Here we compare and combine 26 individual satellite measurements of changes in the ice sheet’s volume, flow and gravitational potential to produce a reconciled estimate of its mass balance. The ice sheet was close to a state of balance in the 1990s, but annual losses have risen since then, peaking at 345 ± 66 billion tonnes per year in 2011. In all, Greenland lost 3,902 ± 342 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2018, causing the mean sea level to rise by 10.8 ± 0.9 millimetres. Using three regional climate models, we show that the reduced surface mass balance has driven 1,964 ± 565 billion tonnes (50.3 per cent) of the ice loss owing to increased meltwater runoff. The remaining 1,938 ± 541 billion tonnes (49.7 per cent) of ice loss was due to increased glacier dynamical imbalance, which rose from 46 ± 37 billion tonnes per year in the 1990s to 87 ± 25 billion tonnes per year since then. The total rate of ice loss slowed to 222 ± 30 billion tonnes per year between 2013 and 2017, on average, as atmospheric circulation favoured cooler conditions15 and ocean temperatures fell at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ16. Cumulative ice losses from Greenland as a whole have been close to the rates predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for their high-end climate warming scenario17, which forecast an additional 70 to 130 millimetres of global sea-level rise by 2100 compared with their central estimate.</abstract><pub>Nature Research</pub><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| language | eng |
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| source | NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives |
| title | Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018 |
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