Measurement on soil deformation caused by expanded-basepile in transparent soil using particle image velocimetry（PTV）

A new small-scale geotechnical physicalmodel in 1-g and unconfined condition, combiningthe transparent soil, close-range photogrammetry andparticle image velocimetry （PIV）, was employed,which provides a non-intrusively internal deformationmeasurement approach to monitor the internaldeformation of soil caused by expanded-base pilejacking with casing. The transparent soil was made offused quartz and its refractive index matched blendedoil, adding reflective particles （glass beads）.