Funcţionărimea din Transilvania în perioada dualismului austro-ungar (1867-1918)

Generally speaking, the functionary intelligentsia was the most numerous, but also the most heterogeneous category of secular intellectuals. They had an extremely fast development, but their professional activity in the epoch was not important from an intellectual point of view, having sometimes a police character and serving the interests of the dualist State apparatus. In the frame of this category of intellectuals we have included those who were appointed in the central province, treasury, parliamentary, sanitary, judicial organisms etc. (until 1867), in the administrative, county, residential, districtual, municipal, urban and communal organisms, in mining office, on fiscal and private domains, in industrial, commercial, financial, enterprises, at post offices, railways, in educational, cultural, scientific, confessional, charity institutions etc., after 1867. In such circumstances, the functionaries had an extremely diverse intellectual training, graduating from appropriate faculties, but mostly from middle schools. By the end of the 19th century, owing to women’s emancipation, we notice the apparition of women office workers. The makes her appearance both as a result of her access to any school institution (even to high schools), and of the need of work power in the administration of the Transylvanian Society. Another aspect, the functionaries’ distribution after their nationalities, brings into an unfavorable light the practices of the dualist authorities, which were making use of this lever too, in order to limit the access of the non-Hungarian nations, especially of the Romanian one, to the administration and other services.