Kinetic Simulation on Electron, Proton and Helium Acceleration in a Nonrelativistic Quasiparallel shock

In addition to electrons and protons, nonrelativistic quasiparallel shocks are expected to possess the ability to accelerate heavy ions. The shocks in supernova remnants are generally supposed to be accelerators of the Galactic cosmic rays, which consist of many species of particles. We investigate...

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