Probing High-Column Outflows in BALQSOs Using Metastable Helium

Outflows are believed to be ubiquitous and fundamentally important in active galaxies. Despite their importance, key physical properties of outflows remain poorly unconstrained; this severely limits study of the acceleration process. It is especially difficult to constrain the column density since most of the lines are saturated. However, column densities can be measured using ions that are expected to be relatively rare in the gas, since they are least likely to be saturated. Phosphorus, specifically the PV doublet at 1118 and 1128A, is generally regarded as a useful probe of high column densities because of its low abundance. We have found that the metastable neutral helium triplet is an equally valuable probe of high column densities in BALQSOs. The significant advantage is that it can be observed in the infrared (HeI*10830) and the optical (HeI*3889) bands from the ground in low-redshift (z