Evidence for Type Ia Supernova Diversity from Ultraviolet Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope

We present ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and photometry of four Type Ia supernovae (SNe 2004dt, 2004ef, 2005M, and 2005cf) obtained with the UV prism of the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. This dataset provides unique spectral time series down to 2000 Angstrom. Significant...

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Veröffentlicht in:arXiv.org 2012-02
Hauptverfasser: Wang, Xiaofeng, Wang, Lifan, Filippenko, Alexei V, Baron, Eddie, Kromer, Markus, Dennis, Jack, Zhang, Tianmeng, Aldering, Greg, Antilogus, Pierre, Arnett, David, Baade, Dietrich, Barris, Brian J, Benetti, Stefano, Bouchet, Patrice, Burrows, Adam S, Canal, Ramon, Cappellaro, Enrico, Carlberg, Raymond, Elisa di Carlo, Challis, Peter, Crotts, Arlin, Danziger, John I, Massimo Della Valle, Fink, Michael, Foley, Ryan J, Fransson, Claes, Gal-Yam, Avishay, Garnavich, Peter, Gerardy, Chris L, Goldhaber, Gerson, Hamuy, Mario, Hillebrandt, Wolfgang, Hoeflich, Peter A, Holland, Stephen T, Holz, Daniel E, Hughes, John P, Jeffery, David J, Jha, Saurabh W, Kasen, Dan, Khokhlov, Alexei M, Kirshner, Robert P, Knop, Robert, Kozma, Cecilia, Krisciunas, Kevin, Lee, Brian C, Leibundgut, Bruno, Lentz, Eric J, Leonard, Douglas C, Lewin, Walter H G, Li, Weidong, Livio, Mario, Lundqvist, Peter, Maoz, Dan, Matheson, Thomas, Mazzali, Paolo, Meikle, Peter, Miknaitis, Gajus, Milne, Peter, Mochnacki, Stefan, Nomoto, Ken'Ichi, Nugent, Peter E, Oran, Elaine, Panagia, Nino, Perlmutter, Saul, Phillips, Mark M, Pinto, Philip, Poznanski, Dovi, Pritchet, Christopher J, Reinecke, Martin, Riess, Adam, Ruiz-Lapuente, Pilar, Scalzo, Richard, Schlegel, Eric M, Schmidt, Brian, Siegrist, James, Soderberg, Alicia M, Sollerman, Jesper, Sonneborn, George, Spadafora, Anthony, Spyromilio, Jason, Sramek, Richard A, Starrfield, Sumner G, Strolger, Louis G, Suntzeff, Nicholas B, Rollin, Thomas, Tonry, John L, Tornambe, Amedeo, Truran, James W, Turatto, Massimo, Turner, Michael, Van Dyk, Schuyler D, Weiler, Kurt, Wheeler, J Craig, Wood-Vasey, Michael, Woosley, Stan, Yamaoka, Hitoshi
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container_title arXiv.org
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creator Wang, Xiaofeng
Wang, Lifan
Filippenko, Alexei V
Baron, Eddie
Kromer, Markus
Dennis, Jack
Zhang, Tianmeng
Aldering, Greg
Antilogus, Pierre
Arnett, David
Baade, Dietrich
Barris, Brian J
Benetti, Stefano
Bouchet, Patrice
Burrows, Adam S
Canal, Ramon
Cappellaro, Enrico
Carlberg, Raymond
Elisa di Carlo
Challis, Peter
Crotts, Arlin
Danziger, John I
Massimo Della Valle
Fink, Michael
Foley, Ryan J
Fransson, Claes
Gal-Yam, Avishay
Garnavich, Peter
Gerardy, Chris L
Goldhaber, Gerson
Hamuy, Mario
Hillebrandt, Wolfgang
Hoeflich, Peter A
Holland, Stephen T
Holz, Daniel E
Hughes, John P
Jeffery, David J
Jha, Saurabh W
Kasen, Dan
Khokhlov, Alexei M
Kirshner, Robert P
Knop, Robert
Kozma, Cecilia
Krisciunas, Kevin
Lee, Brian C
Leibundgut, Bruno
Lentz, Eric J
Leonard, Douglas C
Lewin, Walter H G
Li, Weidong
Livio, Mario
Lundqvist, Peter
Maoz, Dan
Matheson, Thomas
Mazzali, Paolo
Meikle, Peter
Miknaitis, Gajus
Milne, Peter
Mochnacki, Stefan
Nomoto, Ken'Ichi
Nugent, Peter E
Oran, Elaine
Panagia, Nino
Perlmutter, Saul
Phillips, Mark M
Pinto, Philip
Poznanski, Dovi
Pritchet, Christopher J
Reinecke, Martin
Riess, Adam
Ruiz-Lapuente, Pilar
Scalzo, Richard
Schlegel, Eric M
Schmidt, Brian
Siegrist, James
Soderberg, Alicia M
Sollerman, Jesper
Sonneborn, George
Spadafora, Anthony
Spyromilio, Jason
Sramek, Richard A
Starrfield, Sumner G
Strolger, Louis G
Suntzeff, Nicholas B
Rollin, Thomas
Tonry, John L
Tornambe, Amedeo
Truran, James W
Turatto, Massimo
Turner, Michael
Van Dyk, Schuyler D
Weiler, Kurt
Wheeler, J Craig
Wood-Vasey, Michael
Woosley, Stan
Yamaoka, Hitoshi
description We present ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and photometry of four Type Ia supernovae (SNe 2004dt, 2004ef, 2005M, and 2005cf) obtained with the UV prism of the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. This dataset provides unique spectral time series down to 2000 Angstrom. Significant diversity is seen in the near maximum-light spectra (~ 2000--3500 Angstrom) for this small sample. The corresponding photometric data, together with archival data from Swift Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope observations, provide further evidence of increased dispersion in the UV emission with respect to the optical. The peak luminosities measured in uvw1/F250W are found to correlate with the B-band light-curve shape parameter dm15(B), but with much larger scatter relative to the correlation in the broad-band B band (e.g., ~0.4 mag versus ~0.2 mag for those with 0.8 < dm15 < 1.7 mag). SN 2004dt is found as an outlier of this correlation (at > 3 sigma), being brighter than normal SNe Ia such as SN 2005cf by ~0.9 mag and ~2.0 mag in the uvw1/F250W and uvm2/F220W filters, respectively. We show that different progenitor metallicity or line-expansion velocities alone cannot explain such a large discrepancy. Viewing-angle effects, such as due to an asymmetric explosion, may have a significant influence on the flux emitted in the UV region. Detailed modeling is needed to disentangle and quantify the above effects.
doi_str_mv 10.48550/arxiv.1110.5809
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This dataset provides unique spectral time series down to 2000 Angstrom. Significant diversity is seen in the near maximum-light spectra (~ 2000--3500 Angstrom) for this small sample. The corresponding photometric data, together with archival data from Swift Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope observations, provide further evidence of increased dispersion in the UV emission with respect to the optical. The peak luminosities measured in uvw1/F250W are found to correlate with the B-band light-curve shape parameter dm15(B), but with much larger scatter relative to the correlation in the broad-band B band (e.g., ~0.4 mag versus ~0.2 mag for those with 0.8 &lt; dm15 &lt; 1.7 mag). SN 2004dt is found as an outlier of this correlation (at &gt; 3 sigma), being brighter than normal SNe Ia such as SN 2005cf by ~0.9 mag and ~2.0 mag in the uvw1/F250W and uvm2/F220W filters, respectively. We show that different progenitor metallicity or line-expansion velocities alone cannot explain such a large discrepancy. Viewing-angle effects, such as due to an asymmetric explosion, may have a significant influence on the flux emitted in the UV region. Detailed modeling is needed to disentangle and quantify the above effects.</description><identifier>EISSN: 2331-8422</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1110.5809</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Ithaca: Cornell University Library, arXiv.org</publisher><subject>Hubble Space Telescope ; Metallicity ; Outliers (statistics) ; Photometry ; Physics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics ; Physics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ; Space telescopes ; Spectrum analysis ; Supernovae</subject><ispartof>arXiv.org, 2012-02</ispartof><rights>2012. This work is published under http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/ (the “License”). 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C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leibundgut, Bruno</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lentz, Eric J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leonard, Douglas C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lewin, Walter H G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Weidong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Livio, Mario</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lundqvist, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maoz, Dan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Matheson, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mazzali, Paolo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meikle, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miknaitis, Gajus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Milne, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mochnacki, Stefan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nomoto, Ken'Ichi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nugent, Peter E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oran, Elaine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Panagia, Nino</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perlmutter, Saul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Phillips, Mark M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pinto, Philip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poznanski, Dovi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pritchet, Christopher J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reinecke, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Riess, Adam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruiz-Lapuente, Pilar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scalzo, Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schlegel, Eric M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmidt, Brian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siegrist, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soderberg, Alicia M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sollerman, Jesper</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sonneborn, George</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spadafora, Anthony</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spyromilio, Jason</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sramek, Richard A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Starrfield, Sumner G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strolger, Louis G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suntzeff, Nicholas B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rollin, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tonry, John L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tornambe, Amedeo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Truran, James W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turatto, Massimo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van Dyk, Schuyler D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weiler, Kurt</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wheeler, J Craig</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wood-Vasey, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woosley, Stan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yamaoka, Hitoshi</creatorcontrib><title>Evidence for Type Ia Supernova Diversity from Ultraviolet Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope</title><title>arXiv.org</title><description>We present ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and photometry of four Type Ia supernovae (SNe 2004dt, 2004ef, 2005M, and 2005cf) obtained with the UV prism of the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. This dataset provides unique spectral time series down to 2000 Angstrom. Significant diversity is seen in the near maximum-light spectra (~ 2000--3500 Angstrom) for this small sample. The corresponding photometric data, together with archival data from Swift Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope observations, provide further evidence of increased dispersion in the UV emission with respect to the optical. The peak luminosities measured in uvw1/F250W are found to correlate with the B-band light-curve shape parameter dm15(B), but with much larger scatter relative to the correlation in the broad-band B band (e.g., ~0.4 mag versus ~0.2 mag for those with 0.8 &lt; dm15 &lt; 1.7 mag). SN 2004dt is found as an outlier of this correlation (at &gt; 3 sigma), being brighter than normal SNe Ia such as SN 2005cf by ~0.9 mag and ~2.0 mag in the uvw1/F250W and uvm2/F220W filters, respectively. We show that different progenitor metallicity or line-expansion velocities alone cannot explain such a large discrepancy. Viewing-angle effects, such as due to an asymmetric explosion, may have a significant influence on the flux emitted in the UV region. Detailed modeling is needed to disentangle and quantify the above effects.</description><subject>Hubble Space Telescope</subject><subject>Metallicity</subject><subject>Outliers (statistics)</subject><subject>Photometry</subject><subject>Physics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics</subject><subject>Physics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena</subject><subject>Space telescopes</subject><subject>Spectrum analysis</subject><subject>Supernovae</subject><issn>2331-8422</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GOX</sourceid><recordid>eNotkM9rwjAcxcNgMHHedxqBnevys6bH4dwUBA9255Kk32KkNl3SdvO_X9WdHjwejw8fhJ4omQslJXnV4dcNc0rHQiqS3aEJ45wmSjD2gGYxHgkhLF0wKfkEVavBldBYwJUPOD-3gDca7_sWQuMHjd_dACG67oyr4E_4q-6CHpyvocM7EyEMunO-ifjHdQfcHQCve2NqwPtWj5851BCtb-ER3Ve6jjD7zynKP1b5cp1sd5-b5ds20ZKmSakoZ8TaBQjFlVFWUjOisxHYmNJqmnFiMiHShSg5KJVmMhUciJWCgCacT9Hz7fbqoGiDO-lwLi4uiouLcfByG7TBf_cQu-Lo-9CMSAUjijGSkTTlf-tvYVo</recordid><startdate>20120206</startdate><enddate>20120206</enddate><creator>Wang, Xiaofeng</creator><creator>Wang, Lifan</creator><creator>Filippenko, Alexei V</creator><creator>Baron, Eddie</creator><creator>Kromer, Markus</creator><creator>Dennis, Jack</creator><creator>Zhang, Tianmeng</creator><creator>Aldering, Greg</creator><creator>Antilogus, Pierre</creator><creator>Arnett, 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Hitoshi</creator><general>Cornell University Library, arXiv.org</general><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>GOX</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120206</creationdate><title>Evidence for Type Ia Supernova Diversity from Ultraviolet Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope</title><author>Wang, Xiaofeng ; Wang, Lifan ; Filippenko, Alexei V ; Baron, Eddie ; Kromer, Markus ; Dennis, Jack ; Zhang, Tianmeng ; Aldering, Greg ; Antilogus, Pierre ; Arnett, David ; Baade, Dietrich ; Barris, Brian J ; Benetti, Stefano ; Bouchet, Patrice ; Burrows, Adam S ; Canal, Ramon ; Cappellaro, Enrico ; Carlberg, Raymond ; Elisa di Carlo ; Challis, Peter ; Crotts, Arlin ; Danziger, John I ; Massimo Della Valle ; Fink, Michael ; Foley, Ryan J ; Fransson, Claes ; Gal-Yam, Avishay ; Garnavich, Peter ; Gerardy, Chris L ; Goldhaber, Gerson ; Hamuy, Mario ; Hillebrandt, Wolfgang ; Hoeflich, Peter A ; Holland, Stephen T ; Holz, Daniel E ; Hughes, John P ; Jeffery, David J ; Jha, Saurabh W ; Kasen, Dan ; Khokhlov, Alexei M ; Kirshner, Robert P ; Knop, Robert ; Kozma, Cecilia ; Krisciunas, Kevin ; Lee, Brian C ; Leibundgut, Bruno ; Lentz, Eric J ; Leonard, Douglas C ; Lewin, Walter H G ; Li, Weidong ; Livio, Mario ; Lundqvist, Peter ; Maoz, Dan ; Matheson, Thomas ; Mazzali, Paolo ; Meikle, Peter ; Miknaitis, Gajus ; Milne, Peter ; Mochnacki, Stefan ; Nomoto, Ken'Ichi ; Nugent, Peter E ; Oran, Elaine ; Panagia, Nino ; Perlmutter, Saul ; Phillips, Mark M ; Pinto, Philip ; Poznanski, Dovi ; Pritchet, Christopher J ; Reinecke, Martin ; Riess, Adam ; Ruiz-Lapuente, Pilar ; Scalzo, Richard ; Schlegel, Eric M ; Schmidt, Brian ; Siegrist, James ; Soderberg, Alicia M ; Sollerman, Jesper ; Sonneborn, George ; Spadafora, Anthony ; Spyromilio, Jason ; Sramek, Richard A ; Starrfield, Sumner G ; Strolger, Louis G ; Suntzeff, Nicholas B ; Rollin, Thomas ; Tonry, John L ; Tornambe, Amedeo ; Truran, James W ; Turatto, Massimo ; Turner, Michael ; Van Dyk, Schuyler D ; Weiler, Kurt ; Wheeler, J Craig ; Wood-Vasey, Michael ; Woosley, Stan ; Yamaoka, Hitoshi</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a516-d81320cc7e4838b8c51b3312000bbdca1930b944674d3e88695643e0c540ea033</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Hubble Space Telescope</topic><topic>Metallicity</topic><topic>Outliers (statistics)</topic><topic>Photometry</topic><topic>Physics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics</topic><topic>Physics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena</topic><topic>Space telescopes</topic><topic>Spectrum 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Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Wang, Xiaofeng</au><au>Wang, Lifan</au><au>Filippenko, Alexei V</au><au>Baron, Eddie</au><au>Kromer, Markus</au><au>Dennis, Jack</au><au>Zhang, Tianmeng</au><au>Aldering, Greg</au><au>Antilogus, Pierre</au><au>Arnett, David</au><au>Baade, Dietrich</au><au>Barris, Brian J</au><au>Benetti, Stefano</au><au>Bouchet, Patrice</au><au>Burrows, Adam S</au><au>Canal, Ramon</au><au>Cappellaro, Enrico</au><au>Carlberg, Raymond</au><au>Elisa di Carlo</au><au>Challis, Peter</au><au>Crotts, Arlin</au><au>Danziger, John I</au><au>Massimo Della Valle</au><au>Fink, Michael</au><au>Foley, Ryan J</au><au>Fransson, Claes</au><au>Gal-Yam, Avishay</au><au>Garnavich, Peter</au><au>Gerardy, Chris L</au><au>Goldhaber, Gerson</au><au>Hamuy, Mario</au><au>Hillebrandt, Wolfgang</au><au>Hoeflich, Peter A</au><au>Holland, Stephen T</au><au>Holz, Daniel E</au><au>Hughes, John P</au><au>Jeffery, David J</au><au>Jha, Saurabh W</au><au>Kasen, Dan</au><au>Khokhlov, Alexei M</au><au>Kirshner, Robert P</au><au>Knop, Robert</au><au>Kozma, Cecilia</au><au>Krisciunas, Kevin</au><au>Lee, Brian C</au><au>Leibundgut, Bruno</au><au>Lentz, Eric J</au><au>Leonard, Douglas C</au><au>Lewin, Walter H G</au><au>Li, Weidong</au><au>Livio, Mario</au><au>Lundqvist, Peter</au><au>Maoz, Dan</au><au>Matheson, Thomas</au><au>Mazzali, Paolo</au><au>Meikle, Peter</au><au>Miknaitis, Gajus</au><au>Milne, Peter</au><au>Mochnacki, Stefan</au><au>Nomoto, Ken'Ichi</au><au>Nugent, Peter E</au><au>Oran, Elaine</au><au>Panagia, Nino</au><au>Perlmutter, Saul</au><au>Phillips, Mark M</au><au>Pinto, Philip</au><au>Poznanski, Dovi</au><au>Pritchet, Christopher J</au><au>Reinecke, Martin</au><au>Riess, Adam</au><au>Ruiz-Lapuente, Pilar</au><au>Scalzo, Richard</au><au>Schlegel, Eric M</au><au>Schmidt, Brian</au><au>Siegrist, James</au><au>Soderberg, Alicia M</au><au>Sollerman, Jesper</au><au>Sonneborn, George</au><au>Spadafora, Anthony</au><au>Spyromilio, Jason</au><au>Sramek, Richard A</au><au>Starrfield, Sumner G</au><au>Strolger, Louis G</au><au>Suntzeff, Nicholas B</au><au>Rollin, Thomas</au><au>Tonry, John L</au><au>Tornambe, Amedeo</au><au>Truran, James W</au><au>Turatto, Massimo</au><au>Turner, Michael</au><au>Van Dyk, Schuyler D</au><au>Weiler, Kurt</au><au>Wheeler, J Craig</au><au>Wood-Vasey, Michael</au><au>Woosley, Stan</au><au>Yamaoka, Hitoshi</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evidence for Type Ia Supernova Diversity from Ultraviolet Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope</atitle><jtitle>arXiv.org</jtitle><date>2012-02-06</date><risdate>2012</risdate><eissn>2331-8422</eissn><abstract>We present ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and photometry of four Type Ia supernovae (SNe 2004dt, 2004ef, 2005M, and 2005cf) obtained with the UV prism of the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. This dataset provides unique spectral time series down to 2000 Angstrom. Significant diversity is seen in the near maximum-light spectra (~ 2000--3500 Angstrom) for this small sample. The corresponding photometric data, together with archival data from Swift Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope observations, provide further evidence of increased dispersion in the UV emission with respect to the optical. The peak luminosities measured in uvw1/F250W are found to correlate with the B-band light-curve shape parameter dm15(B), but with much larger scatter relative to the correlation in the broad-band B band (e.g., ~0.4 mag versus ~0.2 mag for those with 0.8 &lt; dm15 &lt; 1.7 mag). SN 2004dt is found as an outlier of this correlation (at &gt; 3 sigma), being brighter than normal SNe Ia such as SN 2005cf by ~0.9 mag and ~2.0 mag in the uvw1/F250W and uvm2/F220W filters, respectively. We show that different progenitor metallicity or line-expansion velocities alone cannot explain such a large discrepancy. Viewing-angle effects, such as due to an asymmetric explosion, may have a significant influence on the flux emitted in the UV region. Detailed modeling is needed to disentangle and quantify the above effects.</abstract><cop>Ithaca</cop><pub>Cornell University Library, arXiv.org</pub><doi>10.48550/arxiv.1110.5809</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Hubble Space Telescope
Metallicity
Outliers (statistics)
Photometry
Physics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Physics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Space telescopes
Spectrum analysis
Supernovae
title Evidence for Type Ia Supernova Diversity from Ultraviolet Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope
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